<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><rss xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:content="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/" xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom" version="2.0" xmlns:itunes="http://www.itunes.com/dtds/podcast-1.0.dtd" xmlns:googleplay="http://www.google.com/schemas/play-podcasts/1.0"><channel><title><![CDATA[Ariel Israel]]></title><description><![CDATA[Physician-scientist and family medicine specialist. Tracking hidden patterns shaping human health through large-scale health data. Epidemiology, preventive medicine, and health aging. Leumit Research Institute, Tel-Aviv University, Israel.]]></description><link>https://www.arielisrael.com</link><image><url>https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!sIVV!,w_256,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3efbc58f-1bb8-4bac-a41f-e7be236cfb42_1254x1254.png</url><title>Ariel Israel</title><link>https://www.arielisrael.com</link></image><generator>Substack</generator><lastBuildDate>Sun, 12 Jul 2026 08:33:51 GMT</lastBuildDate><atom:link href="https://www.arielisrael.com/feed" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml"/><copyright><![CDATA[Ariel Israel]]></copyright><language><![CDATA[en]]></language><webMaster><![CDATA[arielisrael@substack.com]]></webMaster><itunes:owner><itunes:email><![CDATA[arielisrael@substack.com]]></itunes:email><itunes:name><![CDATA[Ariel Israel]]></itunes:name></itunes:owner><itunes:author><![CDATA[Ariel Israel]]></itunes:author><googleplay:owner><![CDATA[arielisrael@substack.com]]></googleplay:owner><googleplay:email><![CDATA[arielisrael@substack.com]]></googleplay:email><googleplay:author><![CDATA[Ariel Israel]]></googleplay:author><itunes:block><![CDATA[Yes]]></itunes:block><item><title><![CDATA[איך בדיקת המעבדה לאיתור ואיזון סוכרת תורמת לחוסר שוויון עבור חלק מאזרחי ישראל]]></title><description><![CDATA[&#1502;&#1491;&#1493;&#1506; &#1502;&#1496;&#1493;&#1508;&#1500;&#1497;&#1501; &#1502;&#1502;&#1493;&#1510;&#1488; &#1502;&#1494;&#1512;&#1495;&#1497; &#1505;&#1493;&#1489;&#1500;&#1497;&#1501; &#1497;&#1493;&#1514;&#1512; &#1502;&#1505;&#1497;&#1489;&#1493;&#1499;&#1497; &#1505;&#1493;&#1499;&#1512;&#1514;?]]></description><link>https://www.arielisrael.com/p/ccc</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.arielisrael.com/p/ccc</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Ariel Israel]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Fri, 19 Jun 2026 14:17:45 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/ed29f3b8-dc8f-4c48-ac55-2f93e9e25cf9_1536x1024.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p style="text-align: right;">&#1502;&#1495;&#1511;&#1512; &#1513;&#1508;&#1493;&#1512;&#1505;&#1501; &#1500;&#1488;&#1495;&#1512;&#1493;&#1504;&#1492; &#1489;&#1499;&#1514;&#1489; &#1492;&#1506;&#1514; &#1492;&#1512;&#1508;&#1493;&#1488;&#1497; <em>New England Journal of Medicine</em>, &#1493;&#1488;&#1513;&#1512; &#1504;&#1506;&#1512;&#1498; &#1506;&#1500; &#1497;&#1491;&#1497; &#1502;&#1499;&#1493;&#1503; &#1502;&#1495;&#1511;&#1512; &#1513;&#1500; &#1500;&#1488;&#1493;&#1502;&#1497;&#1514;, &#1502;&#1510;&#1489;&#1497;&#1506; &#1506;&#1500; &#1489;&#1506;&#1497;&#1492; &#1495;&#1513;&#1493;&#1489;&#1492; &#1513;&#1499;&#1502;&#1506;&#1496; &#1493;&#1488;&#1497;&#1504;&#1492; &#1502;&#1493;&#1499;&#1512;&#1514; &#1500;&#1510;&#1497;&#1489;&#1493;&#1512;, &#1493;&#1488;&#1508;&#1497;&#1500;&#1493; &#1500;&#1488; &#1500;&#1512;&#1493;&#1508;&#1488;&#1497;&#1501; &#1512;&#1489;&#1497;&#1501;.</p><p style="text-align: right;">&#1489;&#1491;&#1497;&#1511;&#1514; &#1492;&#1502;&#1493;&#1490;&#1500;&#1493;&#1489;&#1497;&#1503; A1C, &#1492;&#1489;&#1491;&#1497;&#1511;&#1492; &#1492;&#1502;&#1512;&#1499;&#1494;&#1497;&#1514; &#1513;&#1506;&#1500;&#1497;&#1492; &#1502;&#1505;&#1514;&#1502;&#1499;&#1497;&#1501; &#1512;&#1493;&#1508;&#1488;&#1497;&#1501; &#1500;&#1488;&#1489;&#1495;&#1493;&#1503; &#1493;&#1500;&#1488;&#1497;&#1494;&#1493;&#1503; &#1505;&#1493;&#1499;&#1512;&#1514;, &#1504;&#1493;&#1514;&#1504;&#1514; &#1514;&#1493;&#1510;&#1488;&#1493;&#1514; &#1502;&#1496;&#1506;&#1493;&#1514; &#1488;&#1510;&#1500; &#1488;&#1504;&#1513;&#1497;&#1501; &#1506;&#1501; &#1495;&#1505;&#1512; &#1489;&#1488;&#1504;&#1494;&#1497;&#1501; G6PD, &#1493;&#1490;&#1493;&#1512;&#1502;&#1514; &#1500;&#1506;&#1497;&#1499;&#1493;&#1489; &#1489;&#1488;&#1489;&#1495;&#1504;&#1514; &#1492;&#1505;&#1493;&#1499;&#1512;&#1514; &#1493;&#1490;&#1501; &#1500;&#1496;&#1497;&#1508;&#1493;&#1500; &#1500;&#1488; &#1502;&#1505;&#1508;&#1511; &#1488;&#1510;&#1500; &#1502;&#1496;&#1493;&#1508;&#1500;&#1497;&#1501; &#1513;&#1499;&#1489;&#1512; &#1488;&#1493;&#1489;&#1495;&#1504;&#1493;.</p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.arielisrael.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption"></p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div><p style="text-align: right;">&#1489;&#1497;&#1513;&#1512;&#1488;&#1500; &#1502;&#1491;&#1493;&#1489;&#1512; &#1489;&#1504;&#1493;&#1513;&#1488; &#1495;&#1513;&#1493;&#1489; &#1489;&#1502;&#1497;&#1493;&#1495;&#1491;, &#1502;&#1513;&#1493;&#1501; &#1513;&#1495;&#1505;&#1512; &#1489;-G6PD (&#8221;&#1512;&#1490;&#1497;&#1513;&#1493;&#1514; &#1500;&#1508;&#1493;&#1500;&#8221;) &#1513;&#1499;&#1497;&#1495; <strong>&#1489;&#1502;&#1497;&#1493;&#1495;&#1491; &#1489;&#1511;&#1512;&#1489; &#1497;&#1493;&#1510;&#1488;&#1497; &#1506;&#1497;&#1512;&#1488;&#1511;, &#1500;&#1493;&#1489;, &#1499;&#1493;&#1512;&#1491;&#1497;&#1505;&#1496;&#1503;, &#1488;&#1512;&#1510;&#1493;&#1514; &#1492;&#1502;&#1494;&#1512;&#1495; &#1493;&#1510;&#1508;&#1493;&#1503; &#1488;&#1508;&#1512;&#1497;&#1511;&#1492;</strong>. &#1492;&#1489;&#1506;&#1497;&#1492; &#1495;&#1502;&#1493;&#1512;&#1492; &#1489;&#1497;&#1493;&#1514;&#1512; &#1488;&#1510;&#1500; &#1490;&#1489;&#1512;&#1497;&#1501;, &#1502;&#1488;&#1495;&#1512; &#1513;&#1492;&#1490;&#1503; &#1492;&#1502;&#1511;&#1493;&#1491;&#1491; &#1488;&#1514; &#1492;&#1488;&#1504;&#1494;&#1497;&#1501; &#1504;&#1502;&#1510;&#1488; &#1506;&#1500; &#1499;&#1512;&#1493;&#1502;&#1493;&#1494;&#1493;&#1501; X.</p><h3 style="text-align: right;">&#1502;&#1492;&#1497; &#1489;&#1491;&#1497;&#1511;&#1514; &#1492;&#1502;&#1493;&#1490;&#1500;&#1493;&#1489;&#1497;&#1503; A1C?</h3><p style="text-align: right;">A1C &#1492;&#1497;&#1488; &#1489;&#1491;&#1497;&#1511;&#1514; &#1491;&#1501; &#1513;&#1502;&#1506;&#1512;&#1497;&#1499;&#1492; &#1488;&#1514; &#1499;&#1502;&#1493;&#1514; &#1492;&#1505;&#1493;&#1499;&#1512; &#1513;&#8221;&#1504;&#1491;&#1489;&#1511;&#1492;&#8221; &#1500;&#1492;&#1502;&#1493;&#1490;&#1500;&#1493;&#1489;&#1497;&#1503; &#1489;&#1499;&#1491;&#1493;&#1512;&#1497;&#1493;&#1514; &#1492;&#1491;&#1501; &#1513;&#1500; &#1492;&#1502;&#1496;&#1493;&#1508;&#1500;. &#1492;&#1489;&#1491;&#1497;&#1511;&#1492; &#1502;&#1488;&#1508;&#1513;&#1512;&#1514; &#1500;&#1488;&#1502;&#1493;&#1491; &#1488;&#1514; &#1506;&#1493;&#1502;&#1505; &#1492;&#1505;&#1493;&#1499;&#1512; &#1513;&#1488;&#1500;&#1497;&#1493; &#1492;&#1502;&#1496;&#1493;&#1508;&#1500; &#1504;&#1495;&#1513;&#1507; &#1489;&#1502;&#1492;&#1500;&#1498; &#1513;&#1500;&#1493;&#1513;&#1514; &#1492;&#1495;&#1493;&#1491;&#1513;&#1497;&#1501; &#1492;&#1488;&#1495;&#1512;&#1493;&#1504;&#1497;&#1501;.</p><p style="text-align: right;">&#1488;&#1510;&#1500; &#1512;&#1493;&#1489; &#1492;&#1502;&#1496;&#1493;&#1508;&#1500;&#1497;&#1501;, &#1494;&#1493; &#1489;&#1491;&#1497;&#1511;&#1492; &#1502;&#1510;&#1493;&#1497;&#1504;&#1514; &#1500;&#1492;&#1506;&#1512;&#1499;&#1514; &#1506;&#1493;&#1502;&#1505; &#1492;&#1505;&#1493;&#1499;&#1512; &#1492;&#1502;&#1502;&#1493;&#1510;&#1506; &#1489;&#1514;&#1511;&#1493;&#1508;&#1492; &#1513;&#1511;&#1491;&#1502;&#1492; &#1500;&#1489;&#1491;&#1497;&#1511;&#1492;. &#1489;&#1513;&#1493;&#1504;&#1492; &#1502;&#1489;&#1491;&#1497;&#1511;&#1514; &#1505;&#1493;&#1499;&#1512; &#1489;&#1510;&#1493;&#1501;, &#1492;&#1497;&#1488; &#1502;&#1513;&#1511;&#1508;&#1514; &#1490;&#1501; &#1488;&#1514; &#1492;&#1514;&#1504;&#1493;&#1491;&#1493;&#1514; &#1489;&#1512;&#1502;&#1493;&#1514; &#1492;&#1505;&#1493;&#1499;&#1512; &#1489;&#1502;&#1492;&#1500;&#1498; &#1492;&#1497;&#1493;&#1501; &#1493;&#1505;&#1489;&#1497;&#1489; &#1488;&#1512;&#1493;&#1495;&#1493;&#1514;. &#1492;&#1497;&#1488; &#1490;&#1501; &#1502;&#1488;&#1508;&#1513;&#1512;&#1514; &#8220;&#1500;&#1490;&#1500;&#1493;&#1514;&#8221; &#1502;&#1496;&#1493;&#1508;&#1500;&#1497;&#1501; &#1513;&#1492;&#1511;&#1508;&#1497;&#1491;&#1493; &#1506;&#1500; &#1488;&#1497;&#1494;&#1493;&#1503; &#1492;&#1505;&#1493;&#1499;&#1512;&#1514; &#1502;&#1502;&#1513; &#1500;&#1508;&#1504;&#1497; &#1489;&#1491;&#1497;&#1511;&#1514; &#1492;&#1491;&#1501;, &#1488;&#1498; &#1492;&#1497;&#1493; &#1508;&#1495;&#1493;&#1514; &#1502;&#1488;&#1493;&#1494;&#1504;&#1497;&#1501; &#1489;&#1502;&#1492;&#1500;&#1498; &#1492;&#1514;&#1511;&#1493;&#1508;&#1492; &#1513;&#1511;&#1491;&#1502;&#1492; &#1500;&#1492;.</p><p style="text-align: right;">&#1502;&#1495;&#1511;&#1512;&#1497;&#1501; &#1512;&#1489;&#1497;&#1501; &#1492;&#1512;&#1488;&#1493; &#1513;&#1512;&#1502;&#1493;&#1514; A1C &#1502;&#1504;&#1489;&#1488;&#1493;&#1514; &#1496;&#1493;&#1489; &#1497;&#1493;&#1514;&#1512; &#1504;&#1494;&#1511;&#1497;&#1501; &#1492;&#1504;&#1490;&#1512;&#1502;&#1497;&#1501; &#1502;&#1505;&#1493;&#1499;&#1512;&#1514; &#1502;&#1488;&#1513;&#1512; &#1489;&#1491;&#1497;&#1511;&#1514; &#1505;&#1493;&#1499;&#1512; &#1489;&#1510;&#1493;&#1501;, &#1493;&#1500;&#1499;&#1503; &#1492;&#1512;&#1493;&#1508;&#1488;&#1497;&#1501; &#1502;&#1505;&#1514;&#1502;&#1499;&#1497;&#1501; &#1506;&#1500;&#1497;&#1492; &#1502;&#1488;&#1493;&#1491;:</p><ul><li><p style="text-align: right;">&#1499;&#1491;&#1497; &#1500;&#1488;&#1489;&#1495;&#1503; &#1505;&#1493;&#1499;&#1512;&#1514;</p></li><li><p style="text-align: right;">&#1499;&#1491;&#1497; &#1500;&#1492;&#1506;&#1512;&#1497;&#1498; &#1488;&#1514; &#1495;&#1493;&#1502;&#1512;&#1514; &#1492;&#1505;&#1493;&#1499;&#1512;&#1514;</p></li><li><p>&#1499;&#1491;&#1497; &#1500;&#1489;&#1491;&#1493;&#1511; &#1488;&#1501; &#1492;&#1496;&#1497;&#1508;&#1493;&#1500; &#1502;&#1505;&#1508;&#1511; &#1493;&#1492;&#1502;&#1496;&#1493;&#1508;&#1500; &#1502;&#1488;&#1493;&#1494;&#1503;</p></li><li><p style="text-align: right;">&#1499;&#1491;&#1497; &#1500;&#1492;&#1495;&#1500;&#1497;&#1496; &#1488;&#1501; &#1510;&#1512;&#1497;&#1498; &#1500;&#1492;&#1514;&#1511;&#1491;&#1501; &#1500;&#1496;&#1497;&#1508;&#1493;&#1500; &#1497;&#1493;&#1514;&#1512; &#1495;&#1494;&#1511;</p><p style="text-align: right;"></p><h3 style="text-align: right;">&#1488;&#1489;&#1500; &#1494;&#1493; &#1489;&#1491;&#1497;&#1511;&#1492; &#1489;&#1506;&#1497;&#1497;&#1514;&#1497;&#1514; &#1502;&#1488;&#1493;&#1491; &#1488;&#1510;&#1500; &#1495;&#1500;&#1511; &#1502;&#1492;&#1502;&#1496;&#1493;&#1508;&#1500;&#1497;&#1501;.</h3></li></ul><p style="text-align: right;">&#1502;&#1502;&#1492; &#1504;&#1493;&#1489;&#1506;&#1514; &#1492;&#1489;&#1506;&#1497;&#1492;?</p><p style="text-align: right;">&#1489;&#1491;&#1497;&#1511;&#1514; A1C &#1502;&#1493;&#1491;&#1491;&#1514; &#1488;&#1514; &#1499;&#1502;&#1493;&#1514; &#1492;&#1505;&#1493;&#1499;&#1512; &#1513;&#1492;&#1510;&#1496;&#1489;&#1512;&#1492; &#1489;&#1499;&#1491;&#1493;&#1512;&#1497;&#1493;&#1514; &#1492;&#1491;&#1501; &#1492;&#1488;&#1491;&#1493;&#1502;&#1493;&#1514; &#1489;&#1502;&#1513;&#1498; &#1492;&#1494;&#1502;&#1503; &#1513;&#1506;&#1489;&#1512; &#1502;&#1488;&#1494; &#1492;&#1497;&#1493;&#1493;&#1510;&#1512;&#1493;&#1514; &#1492;&#1499;&#1491;&#1493;&#1512;&#1497;&#1493;&#1514; &#1493;&#1506;&#1491; &#1513;&#1492;&#1503; &#1504;&#1489;&#1491;&#1511;&#1493;&#1514; &#1489;&#1489;&#1491;&#1497;&#1511;&#1514; &#1492;&#1491;&#1501;.</p><p style="text-align: right;">&#1492;&#1492;&#1504;&#1495;&#1492; &#1513;&#1506;&#1493;&#1502;&#1491;&#1514; &#1489;&#1489;&#1505;&#1497;&#1505; &#1492;&#1489;&#1491;&#1497;&#1511;&#1492; &#1492;&#1497;&#1488; &#1513;&#1492;&#1494;&#1502;&#1503; &#1492;&#1494;&#1492; &#1494;&#1492;&#1492; &#1508;&#1495;&#1493;&#1514; &#1488;&#1493; &#1497;&#1493;&#1514;&#1512; &#1489;&#1497;&#1503; &#1488;&#1504;&#1513;&#1497;&#1501;, &#1493;&#1492;&#1493;&#1488; &#1506;&#1493;&#1502;&#1491; &#1505;&#1489;&#1497;&#1489; 3 &#1495;&#1493;&#1491;&#1513;&#1497;&#1501;.</p><p style="text-align: right;">&#1488;&#1498; &#1494;&#1492; &#1500;&#1488; &#1504;&#1499;&#1493;&#1503; &#1489;&#1502;&#1510;&#1489;&#1497;&#1501; &#1513;&#1489;&#1492;&#1501; &#1499;&#1491;&#1493;&#1512;&#1497;&#1493;&#1514; &#1492;&#1491;&#1501; &#1504;&#1492;&#1512;&#1505;&#1493;&#1514; &#1493;&#1502;&#1514;&#1508;&#1512;&#1511;&#1493;&#1514; &#1502;&#1492;&#1512; &#1497;&#1493;&#1514;&#1512;.</p><p style="text-align: right;">&#1499;&#1488;&#1513;&#1512; &#1499;&#1491;&#1493;&#1512;&#1497;&#1493;&#1514; &#1492;&#1491;&#1501; &#1504;&#1492;&#1512;&#1505;&#1493;&#1514; &#1502;&#1492;&#1512; &#1497;&#1493;&#1514;&#1512;, &#1492;&#1489;&#1491;&#1497;&#1511;&#1492; &#1504;&#1493;&#1514;&#1504;&#1514; &#1506;&#1512;&#1498; &#1504;&#1502;&#1493;&#1498;, &#1500;&#1488; &#1489;&#1490;&#1500;&#1500; &#1513;&#1492;&#1505;&#1493;&#1499;&#1512; &#1488;&#1510;&#1500; &#1492;&#1502;&#1496;&#1493;&#1508;&#1500; &#1502;&#1488;&#1493;&#1494;&#1503;, &#1488;&#1500;&#1488; &#1489;&#1490;&#1500;&#1500; &#1513;&#1492;&#1499;&#1491;&#1493;&#1512;&#1497;&#1493;&#1514; &#1513;&#1504;&#1500;&#1511;&#1495;&#1493; &#1488;&#1510;&#1500;&#1493; &#1497;&#1493;&#1514;&#1512; &#1510;&#1506;&#1497;&#1512;&#1493;&#1514; &#1502;&#1492;&#1502;&#1510;&#1493;&#1508;&#1492; &#1489;&#1489;&#1491;&#1497;&#1511;&#1492;.</p><p style="text-align: right;"><strong>&#1493;&#1494;&#1492; &#1489;&#1491;&#1497;&#1493;&#1511; &#1502;&#1492; &#1513;&#1511;&#1493;&#1512;&#1492; &#1488;&#1510;&#1500; &#1502;&#1496;&#1493;&#1508;&#1500;&#1497;&#1501; &#1506;&#1501; &#1495;&#1505;&#1512; &#1489;&#1488;&#1504;&#1494;&#1497;&#1501; G6PD.</strong></p><p style="text-align: right;">&#1488;&#1510;&#1500; &#1512;&#1493;&#1489; &#1492;&#1502;&#1496;&#1493;&#1508;&#1500;&#1497;&#1501;, &#1492;&#1488;&#1504;&#1494;&#1497;&#1501; G6PD &#1502;&#1488;&#1508;&#1513;&#1512; &#1500;&#1499;&#1491;&#1493;&#1512;&#1497;&#1493;&#1514; &#1492;&#1491;&#1501; &#1500;&#1514;&#1511;&#1503; &#1489;&#1488;&#1493;&#1508;&#1503; &#1513;&#1493;&#1496;&#1507; &#1504;&#1494;&#1511;&#1497;&#1501; &#1502;&#1500;&#1495;&#1509; &#1495;&#1502;&#1510;&#1493;&#1504;&#1497; &#1489;&#1505;&#1489;&#1497;&#1489;&#1514; &#1492;&#1514;&#1488;. &#1500;&#1506;&#1493;&#1502;&#1514; &#1494;&#1488;&#1514;, &#1488;&#1510;&#1500; &#1488;&#1504;&#1513;&#1497;&#1501; &#1506;&#1501; &#1495;&#1505;&#1512; &#1489;&#1488;&#1504;&#1494;&#1497;&#1501; &#1494;&#1492;, &#1499;&#1491;&#1493;&#1512;&#1497;&#1493;&#1514; &#1492;&#1491;&#1501; &#1488;&#1497;&#1504;&#1503; &#1502;&#1505;&#1493;&#1490;&#1500;&#1493;&#1514; &#1500;&#1514;&#1511;&#1503; &#1488;&#1514; &#1504;&#1494;&#1511;&#1497; &#1492;&#1495;&#1502;&#1510;&#1493;&#1503; &#1489;&#1510;&#1493;&#1512;&#1492; &#1514;&#1511;&#1497;&#1504;&#1492;. &#1499;&#1514;&#1493;&#1510;&#1488;&#1492; &#1502;&#1499;&#1498; &#1492;&#1499;&#1491;&#1493;&#1512;&#1497;&#1493;&#1514; &#1502;&#1514;&#1508;&#1512;&#1511;&#1493;&#1514; &#1502;&#1492;&#1512; &#1497;&#1493;&#1514;&#1512;.</p><p style="text-align: right;">&#1499;&#1514;&#1493;&#1510;&#1488;&#1492; &#1502;&#1492;&#1492;&#1512;&#1505; &#1492;&#1502;&#1493;&#1490;&#1489;&#1512;, &#1499;&#1491;&#1493;&#1512;&#1497;&#1493;&#1514; &#1492;&#1491;&#1501; &#1513;&#1504;&#1491;&#1490;&#1502;&#1493;&#1514; &#1488;&#1510;&#1500; &#1502;&#1496;&#1493;&#1508;&#1500;&#1497;&#1501; &#1506;&#1501; &#1495;&#1505;&#1512; &#1489;-G6PD &#1513;&#1492;&#1493; &#1500;&#1512;&#1493;&#1489; &#1508;&#1495;&#1493;&#1514; &#1494;&#1502;&#1503; &#1489;&#1502;&#1495;&#1494;&#1493;&#1512; &#1492;&#1491;&#1501; &#1502;&#1488;&#1513;&#1512; &#1489;&#1502;&#1496;&#1493;&#1508;&#1500;&#1497;&#1501; &#1488;&#1495;&#1512;&#1497;&#1501;. &#1493;&#1500;&#1499;&#1503;, &#1492;&#1489;&#1491;&#1497;&#1511;&#1492; &#1514;&#1497;&#1514;&#1503; &#1514;&#1493;&#1510;&#1488;&#1493;&#1514; &#1504;&#1502;&#1493;&#1499;&#1493;&#1514; &#1497;&#1493;&#1514;&#1512; &#1502;&#1488;&#1513;&#1512; &#1489;&#1502;&#1496;&#1493;&#1508;&#1500;&#1497;&#1501; &#1500;&#1500;&#1488; &#1508;&#1490;&#1501; &#1489;&#1488;&#1504;&#1494;&#1497;&#1501; &#1513;&#1504;&#1495;&#1513;&#1508;&#1493; &#1500;&#1512;&#1502;&#1493;&#1514; &#1491;&#1493;&#1502;&#1493;&#1514; &#1513;&#1500; &#1505;&#1493;&#1499;&#1512;.</p><p style="text-align: right;">&#1499;&#1498; &#1513;&#1488;&#1510;&#1500; &#1502;&#1496;&#1493;&#1508;&#1500;&#1497;&#1501; &#1506;&#1501; &#1495;&#1505;&#1512; &#1489;-G6PD, &#1489;&#1491;&#1497;&#1511;&#1514; A1C &#1502;&#1505;&#1514;&#1497;&#1512;&#1492; &#1488;&#1514; &#1495;&#1493;&#1502;&#1512;&#1514; &#1492;&#1505;&#1493;&#1499;&#1512;&#1514;, &#1493;&#1500;&#1508;&#1506;&#1502;&#1497;&#1501; &#1488;&#1514; &#1506;&#1510;&#1501; &#1511;&#1497;&#1493;&#1501; &#1505;&#1493;&#1499;&#1512;&#1514;.</p><p style="text-align: right;"><strong>&#1502;&#1492; &#1502;&#1510;&#1488;&#1504;&#1493; &#1489;&#1502;&#1495;&#1511;&#1512;?</strong></p><p style="text-align: right;">&#1489;&#1502;&#1495;&#1511;&#1512; &#1513;&#1489;&#1497;&#1510;&#1506;&#1504;&#1493; &#1489;&#1488;&#1502;&#1510;&#1506;&#1493;&#1514; &#1492;&#1512;&#1513;&#1493;&#1502;&#1493;&#1514; &#1492;&#1512;&#1508;&#1493;&#1488;&#1497;&#1493;&#1514; &#1492;&#1502;&#1502;&#1493;&#1495;&#1513;&#1489;&#1493;&#1514;, &#1492;&#1513;&#1493;&#1493;&#1497;&#1504;&#1493; &#1512;&#1502;&#1493;&#1514; A1C &#1493;&#1512;&#1502;&#1514; &#1505;&#1493;&#1499;&#1512; &#1489;&#1510;&#1493;&#1501; &#1488;&#1510;&#1500; &#1502;&#1496;&#1493;&#1508;&#1500;&#1497;&#1501; &#1506;&#1501; &#1495;&#1505;&#1512; G6PD &#1493;&#1502;&#1496;&#1493;&#1508;&#1500;&#1497;&#1501; &#1500;&#1500;&#1488; &#1495;&#1505;&#1512; &#1489;&#1488;&#1504;&#1494;&#1497;&#1501; &#1489;&#1502;&#1513;&#1498; 20 &#1492;&#1513;&#1504;&#1497;&#1501; &#1492;&#1488;&#1495;&#1512;&#1493;&#1504;&#1493;&#1514;.</p><p style="text-align: right;">&#1502;&#1510;&#1488;&#1504;&#1493; &#1513;&#1499;&#1488;&#1513;&#1512; &#1512;&#1502;&#1493;&#1514; &#1492;&#1505;&#1493;&#1499;&#1512; &#1489;&#1491;&#1501; &#1492;&#1497;&#1493; &#1494;&#1492;&#1493;&#1514;, &#1488;&#1510;&#1500; &#1502;&#1496;&#1493;&#1508;&#1500;&#1497;&#1501; &#1506;&#1501; &#1495;&#1505;&#1512; &#1489;-G6PD, &#1506;&#1512;&#1499;&#1497; A1C &#1492;&#1497;&#1493; &#1504;&#1502;&#1493;&#1499;&#1497;&#1501; &#1502;&#1513;&#1502;&#1506;&#1493;&#1514;&#1497;&#1514; &#1506;&#1489;&#1493;&#1512; &#1512;&#1502;&#1493;&#1514; &#1505;&#1493;&#1499;&#1512; &#1491;&#1493;&#1502;&#1493;&#1514;.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ePLp!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F368cf516-5e5c-4060-be2a-18aa204a0332_3233x1655.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ePLp!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F368cf516-5e5c-4060-be2a-18aa204a0332_3233x1655.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ePLp!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F368cf516-5e5c-4060-be2a-18aa204a0332_3233x1655.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ePLp!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F368cf516-5e5c-4060-be2a-18aa204a0332_3233x1655.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ePLp!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F368cf516-5e5c-4060-be2a-18aa204a0332_3233x1655.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ePLp!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F368cf516-5e5c-4060-be2a-18aa204a0332_3233x1655.png" width="1456" height="745" 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https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ePLp!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F368cf516-5e5c-4060-be2a-18aa204a0332_3233x1655.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ePLp!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F368cf516-5e5c-4060-be2a-18aa204a0332_3233x1655.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ePLp!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F368cf516-5e5c-4060-be2a-18aa204a0332_3233x1655.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p style="text-align: right;">&#1500;&#1491;&#1493;&#1490;&#1502;&#1492;:</p><p style="text-align: right;">&#1488;&#1510;&#1500; &#1512;&#1493;&#1489; &#1492;&#1488;&#1493;&#1499;&#1500;&#1493;&#1505;&#1497;&#1497;&#1492;, &#1512;&#1502;&#1514; &#1505;&#1493;&#1499;&#1512; &#1489;&#1510;&#1493;&#1501; &#1513;&#1500; 126 &#1502;&#8221;&#1490; &#1500;&#1491;&#8221;&#1500; &#1502;&#1514;&#1488;&#1497;&#1502;&#1492; &#1489;&#1506;&#1512;&#1498; &#1500;- A1C &#1513;&#1500; 6.5%. &#1494;&#1492; &#1500;&#1488; &#1502;&#1511;&#1512;&#1497;, &#1488;&#1500;&#1493; &#1489;&#1491;&#1497;&#1493;&#1511; &#1492;&#1505;&#1508;&#1497;&#1501; &#1492;&#1502;&#1513;&#1502;&#1513;&#1497;&#1501; &#1500;&#1488;&#1489;&#1495;&#1493;&#1503; &#1505;&#1493;&#1499;&#1512;&#1514; - &#1512;&#1502;&#1514; &#1490;&#1500;&#1493;&#1511;&#1493;&#1494; &#1489;&#1510;&#1493;&#1501; &#1513;&#1500; 126 &#1493;&#1502;&#1506;&#1500;&#1492;, &#1488;&#1493; A1C &#1513;&#1500; 6.5% &#1493;&#1502;&#1506;&#1500;&#1492;.</p><p style="text-align: right;">&#1488;&#1489;&#1500; &#1488;&#1510;&#1500; &#1490;&#1489;&#1512;&#1497;&#1501; &#1506;&#1501; &#1495;&#1505;&#1512; G6PD, &#1499;&#1491;&#1497; &#1500;&#1492;&#1490;&#1497;&#1506; &#1500;-A1C &#1513;&#1500; 6.5% &#1512;&#1502;&#1514; &#1492;&#1505;&#1493;&#1499;&#1512; &#1510;&#1512;&#1497;&#1499;&#1492; &#1500;&#1492;&#1490;&#1497;&#1506; &#1500;&#1502;&#1502;&#1493;&#1510;&#1506; &#1513;&#1500; &#1499;-168, &#1512;&#1502;&#1492; &#1513;&#1488;&#1510;&#1500; &#1512;&#1493;&#1489; &#1492;&#1502;&#1496;&#1493;&#1508;&#1500;&#1497;&#1501; &#1492;&#1488;&#1495;&#1512;&#1497;&#1501; &#1502;&#1514;&#1488;&#1497;&#1502;&#1492; &#1500;-A1C &#1513;&#1500; &#1499;-7.5%.</p><p style="text-align: right;">&#1499;&#1500;&#1493;&#1502;&#1512;:</p><p style="text-align: right;">&#1488;&#1501; &#1492;&#1512;&#1493;&#1508;&#1488; &#1497;&#1505;&#1514;&#1502;&#1498; &#1506;&#1500; &#1489;&#1491;&#1497;&#1511;&#1514; A1C, &#1492;&#1493;&#1488; &#1506;&#1500;&#1493;&#1500; &#1500;&#1508;&#1505;&#1508;&#1505; &#1488;&#1514; &#1492;&#1505;&#1493;&#1499;&#1512;&#1514; &#1493;&#1500;&#1488; &#1500;&#1492;&#1514;&#1495;&#1497;&#1500; &#1496;&#1497;&#1508;&#1493;&#1500;, &#1500;&#1502;&#1512;&#1493;&#1514; &#1513;&#1512;&#1502;&#1493;&#1514; &#1492;&#1505;&#1493;&#1499;&#1512; &#1499;&#1489;&#1512; &#1492;&#1493;&#1508;&#1499;&#1493;&#1514; &#1500;&#1502;&#1505;&#1493;&#1499;&#1504;&#1493;&#1514; &#1506;&#1489;&#1493;&#1512; &#1492;&#1502;&#1496;&#1493;&#1508;&#1500;.</p><p style="text-align: right;">&#1500;&#1488; &#1494;&#1493; &#1489;&#1500;&#1489;&#1491;, &#1488;&#1500;&#1488; &#1513;&#1492;&#1508;&#1506;&#1512; &#1489;&#1497;&#1503; &#1512;&#1502;&#1493;&#1514; &#1492;&#1490;&#1500;&#1493;&#1511;&#1493;&#1494; &#1500;&#1489;&#1497;&#1503; &#1495;&#1493;&#1502;&#1512;&#1514; &#1492;&#1505;&#1493;&#1499;&#1512;&#1514; &#1492;&#1502;&#1513;&#1514;&#1511;&#1508;&#1514; &#1489;&#1489;&#1491;&#1497;&#1511;&#1514; A1C &#1506;&#1493;&#1500;&#1492; &#1506;&#1493;&#1491; &#1497;&#1493;&#1514;&#1512; &#1499;&#1499;&#1500; &#1513;&#1492;&#1505;&#1493;&#1499;&#1512;&#1514; &#1502;&#1495;&#1502;&#1497;&#1512;&#1492;.</p><p style="text-align: right;">&#1499;&#1488;&#1513;&#1512; &#1490;&#1489;&#1512;&#1497;&#1501; &#1506;&#1501; &#1495;&#1505;&#1512; G6PD &#1502;&#1490;&#1497;&#1506;&#1497;&#1501; &#1500;-A1C &#1513;&#1500; 7.5%, &#1492;&#1501; &#1504;&#1502;&#1510;&#1488;&#1497;&#1501; &#1489;&#1502;&#1502;&#1493;&#1510;&#1506; &#1489;&#1512;&#1502;&#1493;&#1514; &#1505;&#1493;&#1499;&#1512; &#1513;&#1489;&#1513;&#1488;&#1512; &#1492;&#1488;&#1493;&#1499;&#1500;&#1493;&#1505;&#1497;&#1497;&#1492; &#1492;&#1497;&#1493; &#1502;&#1514;&#1488;&#1497;&#1502;&#1493;&#1514; &#1500;-A1C &#1513;&#1500; &#1499;-9%.</p><p style="text-align: right;">&#1495;&#1502;&#1493;&#1512; &#1502;&#1499;&#1498;, &#1492;&#1508;&#1512;&#1513; &#1494;&#1492; &#1492;&#1493;&#1488; &#1512;&#1511; &#1492;&#1508;&#1506;&#1512; &#1492;&#1502;&#1502;&#1493;&#1510;&#1506; &#1489;&#1511;&#1512;&#1489; &#1492;&#1488;&#1504;&#1513;&#1497;&#1501; &#1506;&#1501; &#1495;&#1505;&#1512; G6PD. &#1488;&#1510;&#1500; &#1495;&#1500;&#1511; &#1502;&#1492;&#1502;&#1496;&#1493;&#1508;&#1500;&#1497;&#1501;, &#1499;&#1490;&#1493;&#1503; &#1488;&#1500;&#1493; &#1513;&#1492;&#1497;&#1493; &#1495;&#1513;&#1493;&#1508;&#1497;&#1501; &#1500;&#1504;&#1494;&#1511; &#1495;&#1502;&#1510;&#1493;&#1504;&#1497; &#1489;&#1512;&#1502;&#1492; &#1490;&#1489;&#1493;&#1492;&#1492;, &#1488;&#1493; &#1506;&#1501; &#1508;&#1490;&#1501; &#1497;&#1493;&#1514;&#1512; &#1511;&#1513;&#1492; &#1489;&#1488;&#1504;&#1494;&#1497;&#1501;, &#1492;&#1489;&#1491;&#1497;&#1511;&#1492; &#1502;&#1502;&#1506;&#1497;&#1496;&#1492; &#1506;&#1493;&#1491; &#1497;&#1493;&#1514;&#1512; &#1488;&#1514; &#1495;&#1493;&#1502;&#1512;&#1514; &#1492;&#1505;&#1493;&#1499;&#1512;&#1514;.</p><p style="text-align: right;">&#1489;&#1506;&#1510;&#1501;, &#1502;&#1496;&#1493;&#1508;&#1500;&#1497;&#1501; &#1506;&#1501; G6PD &#1504;&#1512;&#1488;&#1497;&#1501; &#8220;&#1502;&#1488;&#1493;&#1494;&#1504;&#1497;&#1501;&#8221;, &#1500;&#1502;&#1512;&#1493;&#1514; &#1513;&#1492;&#1501; &#1505;&#1493;&#1489;&#1500;&#1497;&#1501; &#1502;&#1505;&#1493;&#1499;&#1512;&#1514; &#1506;&#1501; &#1512;&#1502;&#1493;&#1514; &#1505;&#1493;&#1499;&#1512; &#1490;&#1489;&#1493;&#1492;&#1493;&#1514; &#1502;&#1488;&#1493;&#1491;.</p><p style="text-align: right;"><strong>&#1500;&#1502;&#1492; &#1494;&#1492; &#1489;&#1493;&#1500;&#1496; &#1497;&#1493;&#1514;&#1512; &#1488;&#1510;&#1500; &#1490;&#1489;&#1512;&#1497;&#1501;?</strong></p><p style="text-align: right;">&#1492;&#1490;&#1503; &#1513;&#1500; G6PD &#1504;&#1502;&#1510;&#1488; &#1506;&#1500; &#1499;&#1512;&#1493;&#1502;&#1493;&#1494;&#1493;&#1501; X.</p><p style="text-align: right;">&#1500;&#1490;&#1489;&#1512;&#1497;&#1501; &#1497;&#1513; &#1499;&#1512;&#1493;&#1502;&#1493;&#1494;&#1493;&#1501; X &#1488;&#1495;&#1491; &#1489;&#1500;&#1489;&#1491;, &#1493;&#1500;&#1499;&#1503; &#1499;&#1488;&#1513;&#1512; &#1497;&#1513; &#1508;&#1490;&#1501; &#1489;&#1490;&#1503; &#1513;&#1502;&#1511;&#1493;&#1491;&#1491; &#1488;&#1514; &#1492;&#1488;&#1504;&#1494;&#1497;&#1501;, &#1499;&#1500; &#1499;&#1491;&#1493;&#1512;&#1497;&#1493;&#1514; &#1492;&#1491;&#1501; &#1502;&#1493;&#1513;&#1508;&#1506;&#1493;&#1514; &#1493;&#1504;&#1492;&#1512;&#1505;&#1493;&#1514; &#1502;&#1492;&#1512; &#1497;&#1493;&#1514;&#1512;.</p><p style="text-align: right;">&#1500;&#1504;&#1513;&#1497;&#1501; &#1497;&#1513; &#1513;&#1504;&#1497; &#1499;&#1512;&#1493;&#1502;&#1493;&#1494;&#1493;&#1502;&#1497; X, &#1493;&#1500;&#1499;&#1503; &#1489;&#1491;&#1512;&#1498; &#1499;&#1500;&#1500; &#1512;&#1511; &#1495;&#1500;&#1511; &#1502;&#1492;&#1514;&#1488;&#1497;&#1501; &#1511;&#1497;&#1489;&#1500;&#1493; &#1492;&#1506;&#1514;&#1511; &#1500;&#1488; &#1514;&#1511;&#1497;&#1503; &#1513;&#1500; &#1492;&#1488;&#1504;&#1494;&#1497;&#1501;, &#1493;&#1512;&#1511; &#1492;&#1514;&#1488;&#1497;&#1501; &#1513;&#1511;&#1497;&#1489;&#1500;&#1493; &#1488;&#1514; &#1492;&#1492;&#1506;&#1514;&#1511; &#1492;&#1500;&#1488; &#1514;&#1511;&#1497;&#1503; &#1497;&#1505;&#1489;&#1500;&#1493; &#1502;&#1492;&#1508;&#1490;&#1497;&#1506;&#1492;. &#1493;&#1500;&#1499;&#1503; &#1488;&#1510;&#1500; &#1512;&#1493;&#1489; &#1492;&#1504;&#1513;&#1497;&#1501; &#1492;&#1492;&#1513;&#1508;&#1506;&#1492; &#1502;&#1514;&#1493;&#1504;&#1492; &#1497;&#1493;&#1514;&#1512; &#1502;&#1488;&#1513;&#1512; &#1490;&#1489;&#1512;&#1497;&#1501; (&#1488;&#1501; &#1499;&#1497; &#1494;&#1492; &#1502;&#1513;&#1514;&#1504;&#1492; &#1489;&#1497;&#1503; &#1488;&#1497;&#1513;&#1492; &#1500;&#1488;&#1497;&#1513;&#1492;).</p><p style="text-align: right;"><strong>&#1488;&#1497;&#1498; &#1494;&#1492; &#1511;&#1513;&#1493;&#1512; &#1500;&#1495;&#1493;&#1505;&#1512; &#1513;&#1493;&#1493;&#1497;&#1493;&#1503; &#1512;&#1508;&#1493;&#1488;&#1497;?</strong></p><p style="text-align: right;">&#1502;&#1506;&#1489;&#1512; &#1500;&#1506;&#1497;&#1499;&#1493;&#1489; &#1489;&#1488;&#1489;&#1495;&#1493;&#1503; &#1492;&#1505;&#1493;&#1499;&#1512;&#1514;, &#1493;&#1500;&#1495;&#1493;&#1505;&#1512; &#1488;&#1497;&#1494;&#1493;&#1503; &#1513;&#1500; &#1506;&#1493;&#1502;&#1505; &#1492;&#1505;&#1493;&#1499;&#1512;&#1514;, &#1502;&#1496;&#1493;&#1508;&#1500;&#1497;&#1501; &#1506;&#1501; &#1495;&#1505;&#1512; &#1489;-G6PD &#1502;&#1511;&#1489;&#1500;&#1497;&#1501; &#1496;&#1497;&#1508;&#1493;&#1500; &#1508;&#1495;&#1493;&#1514; &#1496;&#1493;&#1489; &#1502;&#1513;&#1488;&#1512; &#1492;&#1488;&#1493;&#1499;&#1500;&#1493;&#1505;&#1497;&#1492;.</p><p style="text-align: right;">&#1489;&#1513;&#1504;&#1497;&#1501; &#1492;&#1488;&#1495;&#1512;&#1493;&#1504;&#1493;&#1514; &#1504;&#1499;&#1504;&#1505;&#1493; &#1513;&#1514;&#1497; &#1502;&#1513;&#1508;&#1495;&#1493;&#1514; &#1513;&#1500; &#1514;&#1512;&#1493;&#1508;&#1493;&#1514; &#1495;&#1491;&#1513;&#1493;&#1514; &#1497;&#1506;&#1497;&#1500;&#1493;&#1514; &#1489;&#1502;&#1497;&#1493;&#1495;&#1491;, &#1488;&#1513;&#1512; &#1495;&#1493;&#1500;&#1500;&#1493; &#1502;&#1492;&#1508;&#1499;&#1492; &#1489;&#1497;&#1499;&#1493;&#1500;&#1514; &#1500;&#1496;&#1508;&#1500; &#1489;&#1505;&#1493;&#1499;&#1512;&#1514; &#1493;&#1500;&#1502;&#1504;&#1493;&#1506; &#1488;&#1514; &#1505;&#1497;&#1489;&#1493;&#1499;&#1497;&#1492;:</p><p style="text-align: right;">&#1488;&#1490;&#1493;&#1504;&#1497;&#1505;&#1496;&#1497;&#1501; &#1500;&#1512;&#1510;&#1508;&#1496;&#1493;&#1512; GLP-1, &#1500;&#1491;&#1493;&#1490;&#1502;&#1492;:</p><ul><li><p style="text-align: right;">&#1488;&#1493;&#1494;&#1502;&#1508;&#1497;&#1511;</p></li><li><p style="text-align: right;">&#1496;&#1512;&#1493;&#1500;&#1497;&#1505;&#1497;&#1496;&#1497;</p></li><li><p style="text-align: right;">&#1493;&#1497;&#1511;&#1496;&#1493;&#1494;&#1492;</p></li></ul><p style="text-align: right;">&#1493;&#1502;&#1506;&#1499;&#1489;&#1497; &#1492;&#1514;&#1506;&#1500;&#1492; SGLT2:</p><ul><li><p style="text-align: right;">&#1490;&#8217;&#1512;&#1491;&#1497;&#1488;&#1504;&#1505;</p></li><li><p style="text-align: right;">&#1508;&#1493;&#1512;&#1505;&#1497;&#1490;&#1492;</p></li></ul><p style="text-align: right;">&#1492;&#1514;&#1512;&#1493;&#1508;&#1493;&#1514; &#1492;&#1500;&#1500;&#1493; &#1500;&#1488; &#1512;&#1511; &#1502;&#1493;&#1512;&#1497;&#1491;&#1493;&#1514; &#1505;&#1493;&#1499;&#1512;, &#1492;&#1503; &#1502;&#1508;&#1495;&#1497;&#1514;&#1493;&#1514; &#1489;&#1510;&#1493;&#1512;&#1492; &#1502;&#1513;&#1502;&#1506;&#1493;&#1514;&#1497;&#1514;:</p><ul><li><p style="text-align: right;">&#1492;&#1514;&#1511;&#1508;&#1497; &#1500;&#1489;</p></li><li><p style="text-align: right;">&#1513;&#1489;&#1509;</p></li><li><p style="text-align: right;">&#1488;&#1497; &#1505;&#1508;&#1497;&#1511;&#1514; &#1499;&#1500;&#1497;&#1493;&#1514;</p></li><li><p style="text-align: right;">&#1488;&#1497; &#1505;&#1508;&#1497;&#1511;&#1514; &#1500;&#1489;</p></li><li><p style="text-align: right;">&#1488;&#1513;&#1508;&#1493;&#1494;&#1497;&#1501;</p></li><li><p style="text-align: right;">&#1493;&#1514;&#1502;&#1493;&#1514;&#1492; &#1489;&#1488;&#1493;&#1508;&#1503; &#1499;&#1500;&#1500;&#1497;</p></li></ul><p style="text-align: right;">&#1492;&#1503; &#1490;&#1501; &#1502;&#1505;&#1497;&#1497;&#1506;&#1493;&#1514; &#1489;&#1497;&#1512;&#1497;&#1491;&#1492; &#1489;&#1502;&#1513;&#1511;&#1500;, &#1493;&#1499;&#1498; &#1502;&#1513;&#1508;&#1512;&#1493;&#1514; &#1506;&#1493;&#1491; &#1497;&#1493;&#1514;&#1512; &#1488;&#1514; &#1492;&#1505;&#1493;&#1499;&#1512;&#1514; &#1493;&#1502;&#1493;&#1512;&#1497;&#1491;&#1493;&#1514; &#1490;&#1501; &#1488;&#1514; &#1500;&#1495;&#1509; &#1492;&#1491;&#1501;.</p><p style="text-align: right;">&#1502;&#1489;&#1497;&#1503; &#1513;&#1500;&#1500; &#1492;&#1497;&#1514;&#1512;&#1493;&#1504;&#1493;&#1514; &#1513;&#1500;&#1492;&#1503;, &#1492;&#1514;&#1512;&#1493;&#1508;&#1493;&#1514; &#1492;&#1488;&#1500;&#1493; &#1490;&#1501; &#1499;&#1502;&#1506;&#1496; &#1493;&#1488;&#1497;&#1504;&#1503; &#1490;&#1493;&#1512;&#1502;&#1493;&#1514; &#1500;&#1492;&#1497;&#1508;&#1493;&#1490;&#1500;&#1497;&#1511;&#1502;&#1497;&#1492;, &#1489;&#1504;&#1497;&#1490;&#1493;&#1491; &#1500;&#1514;&#1512;&#1493;&#1508;&#1493;&#1514; &#1492;&#1493;&#1493;&#1514;&#1497;&#1511;&#1493;&#1514; &#1497;&#1493;&#1514;&#1512;.</p><p style="text-align: right;">&#1492;&#1502;&#1496;&#1493;&#1508;&#1500;&#1497;&#1501; &#1506;&#1501; &#1495;&#1505;&#1512; &#1489;-G6PD &#1502;&#1511;&#1489;&#1500;&#1497;&#1501; &#1508;&#1495;&#1493;&#1514; &#1488;&#1514; &#1492;&#1514;&#1512;&#1493;&#1508;&#1493;&#1514; &#1492;&#1495;&#1491;&#1513;&#1493;&#1514; &#1492;&#1488;&#1500;&#1493; &#1493;&#1489;&#1488;&#1497;&#1495;&#1493;&#1512; &#1504;&#1497;&#1499;&#1512; &#1500;&#1506;&#1493;&#1502;&#1514; &#1513;&#1488;&#1512; &#1495;&#1493;&#1500;&#1497; &#1505;&#1493;&#1499;&#1512;&#1514;.</p><p style="text-align: right;">&#1500;&#1502;&#1512;&#1493;&#1514; &#1513;&#1495;&#1500;&#1511; &#1502;&#1492;&#1512;&#1493;&#1508;&#1488;&#1497;&#1501; &#1497;&#1493;&#1491;&#1506;&#1497;&#1501; &#1489;&#1488;&#1493;&#1508;&#1503; &#1514;&#1488;&#1493;&#1512;&#1514;&#1497; &#1506;&#1500; &#1492;&#1489;&#1506;&#1497;&#1497;&#1514;&#1497;&#1493;&#1514; &#1513;&#1500; &#1489;&#1491;&#1497;&#1511;&#1514; A1C &#1499;&#1488;&#1513;&#1512; &#1499;&#1491;&#1493;&#1512;&#1497;&#1493;&#1514; &#1492;&#1491;&#1501; &#1504;&#1492;&#1512;&#1505;&#1493;&#1514;, &#1489;&#1508;&#1493;&#1506;&#1500; &#1492;&#1496;&#1497;&#1508;&#1493;&#1500; &#1489;&#1505;&#1493;&#1499;&#1512;&#1514; &#1504;&#1511;&#1489;&#1506; &#1500;&#1508;&#1497; &#1511;&#1493;&#1493;&#1497;&#1501; &#1502;&#1504;&#1495;&#1497;&#1501;, &#1488;&#1513;&#1512; &#1502;&#1514;&#1489;&#1505;&#1505;&#1497;&#1501; &#1506;&#1500; &#1512;&#1502;&#1493;&#1514; A1C, &#1514;&#1493;&#1498; &#1492;&#1514;&#1506;&#1500;&#1502;&#1493;&#1514; &#1502;&#1495;&#1493;&#1505;&#1512; &#1492;&#1502;&#1492;&#1497;&#1502;&#1504;&#1493;&#1514; &#1513;&#1500;&#1492; &#1489;&#1502;&#1510;&#1489; &#1513;&#1500; &#1495;&#1505;&#1512; &#1489;-G6PD.</p><p style="text-align: right;"><strong>&#1489;&#1497;&#1513;&#1512;&#1488;&#1500; &#1505;&#1500; &#1492;&#1489;&#1512;&#1497;&#1488;&#1493;&#1514; &#1502;&#1506;&#1502;&#1497;&#1511; &#1506;&#1493;&#1491; &#1497;&#1493;&#1514;&#1512; &#1488;&#1514; &#1495;&#1493;&#1505;&#1512; &#1492;&#1513;&#1493;&#1493;&#1497;&#1493;&#1503; &#1492;&#1489;&#1512;&#1497;&#1488;&#1493;&#1514;&#1497; &#1489;&#1488;&#1493;&#1499;&#1500;&#1493;&#1505;&#1497;&#1497;&#1492; &#1506;&#1501; &#1495;&#1505;&#1512; &#1489;-G6PD. </strong></p><p style="text-align: right;">&#1505;&#1500; &#1492;&#1489;&#1512;&#1497;&#1488;&#1493;&#1514; &#1511;&#1489;&#1506; &#1511;&#1512;&#1497;&#1496;&#1512;&#1497;&#1493;&#1504;&#1497;&#1501; &#1500;&#1505;&#1489;&#1505;&#1493;&#1491; &#1513;&#1500; GLP-1 &#1492;&#1514;&#1500;&#1493;&#1497;&#1497;&#1501; &#1489;&#1512;&#1502;&#1493;&#1514; A1C, &#1493;&#1489;&#1502;&#1511;&#1512;&#1497;&#1501; &#1512;&#1489;&#1497;&#1501; &#1504;&#1491;&#1512;&#1513; &#1514;&#1497;&#1506;&#1493;&#1491; &#1513;&#1500; &#1512;&#1502;&#1493;&#1514; A1C &#1489;&#1512;&#1502;&#1493;&#1514; &#1513;&#1500; 7.5% &#1493;&#1502;&#1506;&#1500;&#1492; &#1499;&#1491;&#1497; &#1513;&#1492;&#1502;&#1496;&#1493;&#1508;&#1500; &#1497;&#1511;&#1489;&#1500; &#1502;&#1497;&#1502;&#1493;&#1503; &#1513;&#1500; &#1492;&#1514;&#1512;&#1493;&#1508;&#1492; &#1489;&#1502;&#1505;&#1490;&#1512;&#1514; &#1505;&#1500; &#1492;&#1489;&#1512;&#1497;&#1488;&#1493;&#1514;.</p><p style="text-align: right;">&#1502;&#1510;&#1489; &#1494;&#1492; &#1497;&#1510;&#1512; &#1489;&#1508;&#1493;&#1506;&#1500; &#1488;&#1508;&#1500;&#1497;&#1492; &#1496;&#1497;&#1508;&#1493;&#1500;&#1497;&#1514; &#1493;&#1508;&#1506;&#1512; &#1489;&#1504;&#1490;&#1497;&#1513;&#1493;&#1514; &#1500;&#1496;&#1497;&#1508;&#1493;&#1500; &#1492;&#1497;&#1506;&#1497;&#1500; &#1489;&#1497;&#1493;&#1514;&#1512; &#1500;&#1502;&#1504;&#1497;&#1506;&#1514; &#1505;&#1497;&#1489;&#1493;&#1499;&#1497; &#1505;&#1493;&#1499;&#1512;&#1514; &#1506;&#1489;&#1493;&#1512; &#1502;&#1496;&#1493;&#1508;&#1500;&#1497;&#1501; &#1506;&#1501; &#1495;&#1505;&#1512; G6PD.</p><p style="text-align: right;">&#1492;&#1502;&#1495;&#1511;&#1512; &#1513;&#1489;&#1497;&#1510;&#1506;&#1504;&#1493; &#1489;&#1488;&#1493;&#1499;&#1500;&#1493;&#1505;&#1497;&#1497;&#1492; &#1502;&#1512;&#1488;&#1492; &#1513;&#1494;&#1492; &#1500;&#1488; &#1512;&#1511; &#1495;&#1513;&#1513; &#1514;&#1488;&#1493;&#1512;&#1496;&#1497;. &#1489;&#1492;&#1505;&#1514;&#1499;&#1500;&#1493;&#1514; &#1512;&#1496;&#1512;&#1493;&#1505;&#1508;&#1511;&#1496;&#1497;&#1489;&#1497;&#1514; &#1506;&#1500; &#1504;&#1514;&#1493;&#1504;&#1497; &#1488;&#1489;&#1495;&#1493;&#1503; &#1493;&#1496;&#1497;&#1508;&#1493;&#1500; &#1504;&#1497;&#1514;&#1503; &#1500;&#1512;&#1488;&#1493;&#1514; &#1513;&#1502;&#1496;&#1493;&#1508;&#1500;&#1497;&#1501; &#1506;&#1501; &#1495;&#1505;&#1512; &#1489;-G6PD</p><ul><li><p style="text-align: right;">&#1488;&#1493;&#1489;&#1495;&#1504;&#1493; &#1489;&#1488;&#1497;&#1495;&#1493;&#1512;</p></li><li><p style="text-align: right;">&#1492;&#1514;&#1495;&#1497;&#1500;&#1493; &#1496;&#1497;&#1508;&#1493;&#1500; &#1500;&#1505;&#1493;&#1499;&#1512;&#1514; &#1497;&#1495;&#1505;&#1497;&#1514; &#1502;&#1488;&#1493;&#1495;&#1512; &#1497;&#1493;&#1514;&#1512;</p></li><li><p style="text-align: right;">&#1505;&#1489;&#1500;&#1493; &#1502;&#1506;&#1497;&#1499;&#1493;&#1489; &#1489;&#1511;&#1489;&#1500;&#1514; &#1496;&#1497;&#1508;&#1493;&#1500; &#1489;-GLP-1</p></li><li><p style="text-align: right;">&#1511;&#1497;&#1489;&#1500;&#1493; &#1508;&#1495;&#1493;&#1514; &#1496;&#1497;&#1508;&#1493;&#1500; &#1489;-SGLT2</p><p></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!bWYt!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff4089adb-7b07-43e9-a1f1-55964e29f708_826x792.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!bWYt!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff4089adb-7b07-43e9-a1f1-55964e29f708_826x792.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!bWYt!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff4089adb-7b07-43e9-a1f1-55964e29f708_826x792.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!bWYt!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff4089adb-7b07-43e9-a1f1-55964e29f708_826x792.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!bWYt!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff4089adb-7b07-43e9-a1f1-55964e29f708_826x792.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!bWYt!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff4089adb-7b07-43e9-a1f1-55964e29f708_826x792.png" width="826" height="792" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/f4089adb-7b07-43e9-a1f1-55964e29f708_826x792.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:792,&quot;width&quot;:826,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!bWYt!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff4089adb-7b07-43e9-a1f1-55964e29f708_826x792.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!bWYt!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff4089adb-7b07-43e9-a1f1-55964e29f708_826x792.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!bWYt!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff4089adb-7b07-43e9-a1f1-55964e29f708_826x792.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!bWYt!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff4089adb-7b07-43e9-a1f1-55964e29f708_826x792.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!t-nR!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc9361d52-509a-429a-9afb-ae99ad5fa741_477x356.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!t-nR!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc9361d52-509a-429a-9afb-ae99ad5fa741_477x356.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!t-nR!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc9361d52-509a-429a-9afb-ae99ad5fa741_477x356.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!t-nR!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc9361d52-509a-429a-9afb-ae99ad5fa741_477x356.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!t-nR!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc9361d52-509a-429a-9afb-ae99ad5fa741_477x356.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!t-nR!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc9361d52-509a-429a-9afb-ae99ad5fa741_477x356.png" width="477" height="356" 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https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!cIMD!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F153731d4-ee61-4843-ba46-a04ada19e068_870x714.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!cIMD!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F153731d4-ee61-4843-ba46-a04ada19e068_870x714.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!cIMD!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F153731d4-ee61-4843-ba46-a04ada19e068_870x714.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p style="text-align: right;">&#1493;&#1500;&#1488; &#1494;&#1493; &#1489;&#1500;&#1489;&#1491;:</p><p style="text-align: right;">&#1492;&#1492;&#1505;&#1514;&#1502;&#1499;&#1493;&#1514; &#1506;&#1500; A1C &#1490;&#1501; &#1492;&#1493;&#1489;&#1497;&#1500;&#1492; &#1500;&#1513;&#1497;&#1502;&#1493;&#1513; &#1489;&#1514;&#1512;&#1493;&#1508;&#1493;&#1514; &#1497;&#1513;&#1504;&#1493;&#1514; &#1497;&#1493;&#1514;&#1512; &#1500;&#1505;&#1493;&#1499;&#1512;&#1514; &#1513;&#1506;&#1500;&#1493;&#1500;&#1493;&#1514; &#1500;&#1508;&#1490;&#1493;&#1506; &#1489;&#1502;&#1497; &#1513;&#1505;&#1493;&#1489;&#1500; &#1489;&#1495;&#1505;&#1512; &#1489;-G6PD</p><p style="text-align: right;">&#1488;&#1510;&#1500; &#1502;&#1496;&#1493;&#1508;&#1500;&#1497;&#1501; &#1506;&#1501; &#1495;&#1505;&#1512; &#1489;-G6PD, &#1514;&#1512;&#1493;&#1508;&#1493;&#1514; &#1500;&#1505;&#1493;&#1499;&#1512;&#1514; &#1502;&#1502;&#1513;&#1508;&#1495;&#1514; &#1492;&#1505;&#1493;&#1500;&#1508;&#1504;&#1497;&#1500;&#1488;&#1493;&#1512;&#1488;&#1492;, &#1506;&#1500;&#1493;&#1500;&#1493;&#1514; &#1500;&#1490;&#1512;&#1493;&#1501; &#1500;&#1504;&#1494;&#1511; &#1495;&#1502;&#1510;&#1493;&#1504;&#1497; &#1500;&#1499;&#1491;&#1493;&#1512;&#1497;&#1493;&#1514; &#1492;&#1491;&#1501; &#1493;&#1500;&#1492;&#1488;&#1497;&#1509; &#1506;&#1493;&#1491; &#1497;&#1493;&#1514;&#1512; &#1488;&#1514; &#1508;&#1497;&#1512;&#1493;&#1511;&#1503;.</p><p style="text-align: right;">&#1499;&#1498; &#1513;&#1489;&#1506;&#1511;&#1489;&#1493;&#1514; &#1496;&#1497;&#1508;&#1493;&#1500; &#1489;&#1514;&#1512;&#1493;&#1508;&#1493;&#1514; &#1488;&#1500;&#1493;, &#1504;&#1493;&#1510;&#1512;&#1514; &#1488;&#1513;&#1500;&#1497;&#1492; &#1513;&#1500; &#1497;&#1512;&#1497;&#1491;&#1492; &#1489;&#1506;&#1512;&#1499;&#1497; A1C &#1513;&#1488;&#1497;&#1504;&#1492; &#1511;&#1513;&#1493;&#1512;&#1492; &#1500;&#1513;&#1497;&#1508;&#1493;&#1512; &#1489;&#1488;&#1497;&#1494;&#1493;&#1503; &#1492;&#1505;&#1493;&#1499;&#1512;&#1514;, &#1488;&#1500;&#1488; &#1500;&#1492;&#1512;&#1505; &#1502;&#1493;&#1490;&#1489;&#1512; &#1513;&#1500; &#1499;&#1491;&#1493;&#1512;&#1497;&#1493;&#1514; &#1492;&#1491;&#1501;, &#1513;&#1506;&#1500;&#1493;&#1500; &#1500;&#1508;&#1490;&#1493;&#1506; &#1489;&#1502;&#1496;&#1493;&#1508;&#1500;.</p><p style="text-align: right;"><strong>&#1502;&#1492; &#1492;&#1502;&#1513;&#1502;&#1506;&#1493;&#1514; &#1506;&#1489;&#1493;&#1512; &#1502;&#1496;&#1493;&#1508;&#1500;&#1497;&#1501;?</strong></p><p style="text-align: right;">&#1502;&#1496;&#1493;&#1508;&#1500;&#1497;&#1501; &#1506;&#1501; &#1495;&#1505;&#1512; &#1489;-G6PD &#1510;&#1512;&#1497;&#1499;&#1497;&#1501; &#1500;&#1491;&#1506;&#1514;: <strong>&#1489;&#1491;&#1497;&#1511;&#1514; A1C &#1510;&#1508;&#1493;&#1497;&#1492; &#1500;&#1492;&#1502;&#1506;&#1497;&#1496; &#1489;&#1495;&#1493;&#1502;&#1512;&#1514; &#1492;&#1505;&#1493;&#1499;&#1512;&#1514;.</strong></p><p style="text-align: right;">&#1488;&#1510;&#1500; &#1502;&#1496;&#1493;&#1508;&#1500;&#1497;&#1501; &#1488;&#1500;&#1493;, &#1492;&#1496;&#1497;&#1508;&#1493;&#1500; &#1489;&#1505;&#1493;&#1499;&#1512;&#1514; &#1500;&#1488; &#1497;&#1499;&#1493;&#1500; &#1500;&#1492;&#1514;&#1489;&#1505;&#1505; &#1512;&#1511; &#1506;&#1500; &#1489;&#1491;&#1497;&#1511;&#1492; &#1494;&#1493;, &#1488;&#1500;&#1488; &#1506;&#1500;:</p><ul><li><p style="text-align: right;">&#1512;&#1502;&#1493;&#1514; &#1505;&#1493;&#1499;&#1512; &#1489;&#1510;&#1493;&#1501;</p></li><li><p style="text-align: right;">&#1512;&#1502;&#1493;&#1514; &#1505;&#1493;&#1499;&#1512; &#1500;&#1488;&#1495;&#1512; &#1492;&#1506;&#1502;&#1505;&#1514; &#1490;&#1500;&#1493;&#1511;&#1493;&#1494;</p></li><li><p>&#1489;&#1491;&#1497;&#1511;&#1493;&#1514; &#1505;&#1493;&#1499;&#1512; &#1489;&#1497;&#1514;&#1497;&#1493;&#1514;</p></li><li><p style="text-align: right;">&#1504;&#1497;&#1496;&#1493;&#1512; &#1505;&#1493;&#1499;&#1512; &#1512;&#1510;&#1497;&#1507;</p><p style="text-align: right;"></p><p style="text-align: right;">&#1492;&#1489;&#1506;&#1497;&#1492; &#1492;&#1497;&#1488; &#1513;&#1512;&#1489;&#1497;&#1501; &#1502;&#1492;&#1502;&#1496;&#1493;&#1508;&#1500;&#1497;&#1501; &#1506;&#1501; &#1495;&#1505;&#1512; G6PD &#1499;&#1500;&#1500; &#1488;&#1497;&#1504;&#1501; &#1502;&#1493;&#1491;&#1506;&#1497;&#1501; &#1500;&#1499;&#1498;, &#1489;&#1502;&#1497;&#1493;&#1495;&#1491; &#1502;&#1496;&#1493;&#1508;&#1500;&#1497;&#1501; &#1513;&#1500;&#1488; &#1504;&#1493;&#1500;&#1491;&#1493; &#1489;&#1488;&#1512;&#1509; &#1493;&#1500;&#1488; &#1506;&#1513;&#1493; &#1489;&#1491;&#1497;&#1511;&#1492; &#1500;&#1488;&#1497;&#1514;&#1493;&#1512; &#1495;&#1505;&#1512; G6PD &#1489;&#1500;&#1497;&#1491;&#1492;. </p></li></ul><p style="text-align: right;">&#1500;&#1499;&#1503; &#1495;&#1513;&#1493;&#1489; &#1500;&#1492;&#1497;&#1493;&#1514; &#1506;&#1512;&#1504;&#1497;&#1497;&#1501; &#1493;&#1500;&#1495;&#1513;&#1493;&#1491; &#1489;&#1502;&#1510;&#1489; &#1513;&#1500; &#1495;&#1505;&#1512; &#1489;&#1488;&#1504;&#1494;&#1497;&#1501; &#1488;&#1493; &#1492;&#1512;&#1505; &#1502;&#1493;&#1490;&#1489;&#1512; &#1513;&#1500; &#1499;&#1491;&#1493;&#1512;&#1497;&#1493;&#1514; &#1492;&#1491;&#1501; &#1499;&#1488;&#1513;&#1512; &#1511;&#1497;&#1497;&#1502;&#1514; &#1488;&#1497;-&#1492;&#1514;&#1488;&#1502;&#1492; &#1502;&#1513;&#1502;&#1506;&#1493;&#1514;&#1497;&#1514; &#1489;&#1497;&#1503; &#1512;&#1502;&#1493;&#1514; &#1492;&#1505;&#1493;&#1499;&#1512; &#1500;&#1489;&#1497;&#1503; &#1506;&#1512;&#1499;&#1497; A1C. &#1494;&#1492; &#1504;&#1499;&#1493;&#1503; &#1489;&#1502;&#1497;&#1493;&#1495;&#1491; &#1506;&#1489;&#1493;&#1512; &#1490;&#1489;&#1512;&#1497;&#1501; &#1502;&#1502;&#1493;&#1510;&#1488; &#1506;&#1497;&#1512;&#1488;&#1511;&#1497;, &#1500;&#1493;&#1489;&#1497;, &#1499;&#1493;&#1512;&#1491;&#1497;, &#1488;&#1493; &#1510;&#1508;&#1493;&#1503; &#1488;&#1508;&#1512;&#1497;&#1511;&#1488;&#1497;, &#1493;&#1499;&#1503; &#1488;&#1510;&#1500; &#1499;&#1500; &#1488;&#1491;&#1501; &#1513;&#1497;&#1491;&#1493;&#1506; &#1513;&#1492;&#1493;&#1488; &#1505;&#1493;&#1489;&#1500; &#1502;&#8221;&#1512;&#1490;&#1497;&#1513;&#1493;&#1514; &#1500;&#1508;&#1493;&#1500;&#8221;. </p><p style="text-align: right;"><strong>&#1492;&#1513;&#1493;&#1512;&#1492; &#1492;&#1514;&#1495;&#1514;&#1493;&#1504;&#1492;:</strong></p><ol><li><p style="text-align: right;">&#1489;&#1502;&#1495;&#1511;&#1512; &#1513;&#1500;&#1504;&#1493; &#1494;&#1497;&#1492;&#1497;&#1504;&#1493; &#1508;&#1506;&#1512;&#1497;&#1501; &#1489;&#1488;&#1489;&#1495;&#1493;&#1503; &#1493;&#1489;&#1496;&#1497;&#1508;&#1493;&#1500; &#1489;&#1505;&#1493;&#1499;&#1512;&#1514; &#1489;&#1514;&#1493;&#1498; &#1492;&#1488;&#1493;&#1499;&#1500;&#1493;&#1505;&#1497;&#1497;&#1492; &#1492;&#1504;&#1493;&#1489;&#1506;&#1497;&#1501; &#1502;&#1492;&#1505;&#1514;&#1502;&#1499;&#1493;&#1514; &#1506;&#1500; &#1489;&#1491;&#1497;&#1511;&#1514; &#1491;&#1501; &#1513;&#1502;&#1502;&#1506;&#1497;&#1496;&#1492; &#1489;&#1488;&#1493;&#1508;&#1503; &#1513;&#1497;&#1496;&#1514;&#1497; &#1489;&#1495;&#1493;&#1502;&#1512;&#1514; &#1492;&#1505;&#1493;&#1499;&#1512;&#1514; &#1488;&#1510;&#1500; &#1512;&#1489;&#1497;&#1501; &#1502;&#1497;&#1493;&#1510;&#1488;&#1497; &#1488;&#1512;&#1510;&#1493;&#1514; &#1492;&#1502;&#1494;&#1512;&#1495; &#1493;&#1510;&#1508;&#1493;&#1503; &#1488;&#1508;&#1512;&#1497;&#1511;&#1492;.</p></li><li><p style="text-align: right;">&#1499;&#1514;&#1493;&#1510;&#1488;&#1492; &#1502;&#1492;&#1505;&#1514;&#1502;&#1499;&#1493;&#1514; &#1506;&#1500; &#1489;&#1491;&#1497;&#1511;&#1514; A1C, &#1492;&#1503; &#1489;&#1511;&#1493;&#1493;&#1497;&#1501; &#1492;&#1502;&#1504;&#1495;&#1497;&#1501; &#1493;&#1492;&#1503; &#1489;&#1511;&#1512;&#1497;&#1496;&#1512;&#1497;&#1493;&#1504;&#1497; &#1492;&#1494;&#1499;&#1488;&#1493;&#1514; &#1513;&#1500; &#1505;&#1500; &#1492;&#1514;&#1512;&#1493;&#1508;&#1493;&#1514;, &#1504;&#1493;&#1510;&#1512;&#1493; &#1488;&#1510;&#1500; &#1502;&#1496;&#1493;&#1508;&#1500;&#1497;&#1501; &#1506;&#1501; &#1495;&#1505;&#1512; &#1489;-G6PD &#1508;&#1506;&#1512;&#1497; &#1504;&#1490;&#1497;&#1513;&#1493;&#1514; &#1500;&#1514;&#1512;&#1493;&#1508;&#1493;&#1514; &#1492;&#1497;&#1506;&#1497;&#1500;&#1493;&#1514; &#1489;&#1497;&#1493;&#1514;&#1512; &#1500;&#1496;&#1497;&#1508;&#1493;&#1500; &#1489;&#1505;&#1493;&#1499;&#1512;&#1514; &#1493;&#1500;&#1502;&#1504;&#1497;&#1506;&#1514; &#1505;&#1497;&#1489;&#1493;&#1499;&#1497;&#1492;.</p></li><li><p style="text-align: right;">&#1502;&#1510;&#1488;&#1504;&#1493; &#1513;&#1497;&#1506;&#1493;&#1512; &#1490;&#1489;&#1493;&#1492; &#1497;&#1493;&#1514;&#1512; &#1513;&#1500; &#1505;&#1497;&#1489;&#1493;&#1499;&#1497; &#1505;&#1493;&#1499;&#1512;&#1514; &#1495;&#1502;&#1493;&#1512;&#1497;&#1501;, &#1499;&#1488;&#1513;&#1512; &#1492;&#1508;&#1506;&#1512; &#1488;&#1497;&#1504;&#1493; &#1504;&#1493;&#1489;&#1506; &#1502;&#1492;&#1511;&#1508;&#1491;&#1492; &#1508;&#1495;&#1493;&#1514; &#1496;&#1493;&#1489;&#1492; &#1513;&#1500; &#1492;&#1502;&#1496;&#1493;&#1508;&#1500; &#1488;&#1493; &#1502;&#1488;&#1493;&#1512;&#1495; &#1495;&#1497;&#1497;&#1501; &#1508;&#1495;&#1493;&#1514; &#1489;&#1512;&#1497;&#1488;, &#1488;&#1500;&#1488; &#1502;&#1492;&#1505;&#1514;&#1502;&#1499;&#1493;&#1514; &#1506;&#1500; &#1489;&#1491;&#1497;&#1511;&#1492; &#1513;&#1502;&#1505;&#1514;&#1497;&#1512;&#1492; &#1488;&#1514; &#1495;&#1493;&#1502;&#1512;&#1514; &#1492;&#1505;&#1493;&#1499;&#1512;&#1514;.</p></li><li><p style="text-align: right;">&#1492;&#1490;&#1489;&#1512;&#1514; &#1492;&#1502;&#1493;&#1491;&#1506;&#1493;&#1514; &#1500;&#1499;&#1498; &#1497;&#1499;&#1493;&#1500;&#1492; &#1500;&#1513;&#1508;&#1512; &#1488;&#1514; &#1492;&#1496;&#1497;&#1508;&#1493;&#1500; &#1493;&#1500;&#1492;&#1508;&#1495;&#1497;&#1514; &#1505;&#1497;&#1489;&#1493;&#1499;&#1497; &#1505;&#1493;&#1499;&#1512;&#1514; &#1489;&#1488;&#1493;&#1499;&#1500;&#1493;&#1505;&#1497;&#1497;&#1492; &#1489;&#1497;&#1513;&#1512;&#1488;&#1500;.</p></li></ol><p></p><p><br></p><p><strong>Type 2 Diabetes in Patients with G6PD Deficiency.</strong></p><p><em>The New England journal of medicine.<span> 2024 Aug 8; 391(6):568-569. </span></em></p><p><span>Israel A, Raz I, Vinker S, Magen E, Green I, Golan-Cohen A, Berkovitch M, Merzon E.</span></p><p><a href="https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMc2406156">doi: 10.1056/NEJMc2406156.</a></p><p><strong>More on Type 2 Diabetes in Patients with G6PD Deficiency. Reply.</strong></p><p><em>The New England journal of medicine.<span> 2024 Oct 31; 391(17):1664.</span></em></p><p><span>Israel A, Vinker S, Merzon E.</span></p><p><a href="https://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMc2411261">doi: 10.1056/NEJMc2411261#sa2.</a></p><p><strong>Health disparities in diabetes treatment: The challenge of G6PD deficiency.</strong></p><p><em>Diabetes research and clinical practice.<span> 2025 Jan; 219:111965.</span></em></p><p><span>Israel A, Raz I, Green I, Golan-Cohen A, Berkovitch M, Magen E, Vinker S, Merzon E.</span></p><p><a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2024.111965">doi: 10.1016/j.diabres.2024.111965.</a></p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.arielisrael.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">&#1511;&#1512;&#1497;&#1488;&#1492; &#1504;&#1493;&#1505;&#1508;&#1514; &#1493;&#1500;&#1492;&#1512;&#1513;&#1502;&#1492; &#1500;&#1506;&#1491;&#1499;&#1493;&#1504;&#1497;&#1501;:</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[תרופון מדיל חוזר]]></title><description><![CDATA[&#1499;&#1497;&#1510;&#1491; &#1488;&#1508;&#1500;&#1497;&#1511;&#1510;&#1497;&#1492; &#1512;&#1508;&#1493;&#1488;&#1497;&#1514; &#1513;&#1508;&#1493;&#1514;&#1495;&#1492; &#1489;&#1502;&#1492;&#1500;&#1498; &#1500;&#1497;&#1502;&#1493;&#1491;&#1497; &#1492;&#1512;&#1508;&#1493;&#1488;&#1492;, &#1493;&#1513;&#1497;&#1502;&#1513;&#1492; &#1506;&#1513;&#1512;&#1493;&#1514; &#1488;&#1500;&#1508;&#1497; &#1502;&#1513;&#1514;&#1502;&#1513;&#1497;&#1501;, &#1492;&#1493;&#1495;&#1494;&#1512;&#1492; &#1500;&#1495;&#1497;&#1497;&#1501; &#1489;&#1506;&#1494;&#1512;&#1514; &#1489;&#1497;&#1504;&#1492; &#1502;&#1500;&#1488;&#1499;&#1493;&#1514;&#1497;&#1514;]]></description><link>https://www.arielisrael.com/p/a73</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.arielisrael.com/p/a73</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Ariel Israel]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Thu, 04 Jun 2026 06:23:43 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ialq!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9f469cc1-8ee8-4bf7-87f6-4a2bcdf7415b_1024x1024.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>&#1500;&#1508;&#1504;&#1497; &#1499;&#1502;&#1492; &#1513;&#1504;&#1497;&#1501; &#1496;&#1493;&#1489;&#1493;&#1514;, &#1489;&#1502;&#1492;&#1500;&#1498; &#1492;&#1505;&#1489;&#1489;&#1497;&#1501; &#1492;&#1511;&#1500;&#1497;&#1504;&#1497;&#1497;&#1501; &#1513;&#1500;&#1497; &#1499;&#1505;&#1496;&#1493;&#1491;&#1504;&#1496; &#1500;&#1512;&#1508;&#1493;&#1488;&#1492;, &#1504;&#1514;&#1511;&#1500;&#1514;&#1497; &#1513;&#1493;&#1489; &#1493;&#1513;&#1493;&#1489; &#1489;&#1488;&#1493;&#1514;&#1492; &#1489;&#1506;&#1497;&#1492;.</p><p>&#1504;&#1494;&#1511;&#1511;&#1514;&#1497; &#1500;&#1502;&#1497;&#1491;&#1506; &#1502;&#1492;&#1497;&#1512; &#1506;&#1500; &#1514;&#1512;&#1493;&#1508;&#1493;&#1514; - &#1492;&#1514;&#1493;&#1493;&#1497;&#1493;&#1514;, &#1495;&#1493;&#1502;&#1512;&#1497;&#1501; &#1508;&#1506;&#1497;&#1500;&#1497;&#1501;, &#1510;&#1493;&#1512;&#1493;&#1514; &#1502;&#1514;&#1503;, &#1497;&#1510;&#1512;&#1504;&#1497;&#1501; &#1493;&#1502;&#1497;&#1491;&#1506; &#1504;&#1493;&#1505;&#1507; - &#1488;&#1498; &#1489;&#1495;&#1500;&#1511;&#1497;&#1501; &#1512;&#1489;&#1497;&#1501; &#1513;&#1500; &#1489;&#1497;&#1514; &#1492;&#1495;&#1493;&#1500;&#1497;&#1501; &#1500;&#1488; &#1492;&#1497;&#1514;&#1492; &#1511;&#1500;&#1497;&#1496;&#1492; &#1500;&#1488;&#1497;&#1504;&#1496;&#1512;&#1504;&#1496;. </p><p>&#1502;&#1514;&#1493;&#1498; &#1492;&#1514;&#1505;&#1499;&#1493;&#1500; &#1492;&#1494;&#1492; 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&#1513;&#1500; 4.8 &#1499;&#1493;&#1499;&#1489;&#1497;&#1501; &#1489;-Google Play.<br></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ialq!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9f469cc1-8ee8-4bf7-87f6-4a2bcdf7415b_1024x1024.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ialq!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9f469cc1-8ee8-4bf7-87f6-4a2bcdf7415b_1024x1024.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ialq!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9f469cc1-8ee8-4bf7-87f6-4a2bcdf7415b_1024x1024.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ialq!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9f469cc1-8ee8-4bf7-87f6-4a2bcdf7415b_1024x1024.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ialq!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9f469cc1-8ee8-4bf7-87f6-4a2bcdf7415b_1024x1024.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ialq!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9f469cc1-8ee8-4bf7-87f6-4a2bcdf7415b_1024x1024.png" width="1024" height="1024" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/9f469cc1-8ee8-4bf7-87f6-4a2bcdf7415b_1024x1024.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1024,&quot;width&quot;:1024,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:1570748,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.arielisrael.com/i/200573212?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9f469cc1-8ee8-4bf7-87f6-4a2bcdf7415b_1024x1024.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ialq!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9f469cc1-8ee8-4bf7-87f6-4a2bcdf7415b_1024x1024.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ialq!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9f469cc1-8ee8-4bf7-87f6-4a2bcdf7415b_1024x1024.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ialq!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9f469cc1-8ee8-4bf7-87f6-4a2bcdf7415b_1024x1024.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ialq!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9f469cc1-8ee8-4bf7-87f6-4a2bcdf7415b_1024x1024.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><br></p><p>&#1492;&#1488;&#1508;&#1500;&#1497;&#1511;&#1510;&#1497;&#1492; 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But large-scale healthcare data are increasingly revealing that migraine may reflect broader biologic patterns involving metabolism, vascular physiology, and systemic health.</p><p>In a recent nationwide study published in <em>The Journal of Headache and Pain</em>, we analyzed electronic health records from one of Israel&#8217;s national healthcare organizations, covering nearly 25,000 adults with clinically significant migraine between 2017 and 2022. The study was based on real-world longitudinal medical data collected as part of routine healthcare, including physician diagnoses, laboratory tests, medication use, and physiologic measurements.</p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.arielisrael.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Thanks for reading! Subscribe for free to receive new posts and support my work.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div><p>What emerged was not only a detailed picture of migraine epidemiology in Israel, but also a series of intriguing physiologic signals that may help shed light on migraine biology itself.</p><h2>Migraine was far more common in women</h2><p>One of the clearest findings was the major difference between men and women.</p><p>In 2022, clinically significant migraine affected approximately:</p><ul><li><p>8.0% of women</p></li><li><p>2.4% of men</p></li></ul><p>The highest prevalence was observed among women aged 40-59, where migraine affected nearly 1 in 9 women.</p><p>These findings are consistent with previous international studies, but the magnitude of the sex difference remains remarkable. Migraine is not simply slightly more common in women - it is dramatically more common.</p><p>The reasons are likely complex and involve hormonal, vascular, neurologic, and genetic factors that are still not fully understood.</p><h2>Migraine patients showed unexpected metabolic differences</h2><p>One of the most interesting aspects of the study was that migraine patients differed biologically from matched controls in several unexpected ways.</p><p>Compared to individuals without migraine, patients with clinically significant migraine tended to have:</p><ul><li><p>lower blood glucose levels,</p></li><li><p>lower hemoglobin A1c levels,</p></li><li><p>lower rates of obesity,</p></li><li><p>lower rates of microalbuminuria,</p></li><li><p>slightly higher hemoglobin levels,</p></li><li><p>and slightly higher diastolic blood pressure.</p></li></ul><p>At first glance, some of these findings may appear counterintuitive.</p><p>For example, migraine patients in our study were less likely to be obese and tended to have lower glucose and HbA1c levels than matched controls. This aligns with growing evidence suggesting that migraine and diabetes may have a complex inverse relationship in at least part of the population.</p><p>This does not mean that low glucose &#8220;causes&#8221; migraine, or that migraine somehow protects against diabetes. But it suggests that migraine biology may be connected to systemic metabolic pathways in ways that are not yet fully understood.</p><p>Migraine may therefore represent more than an isolated neurologic phenomenon. It may reflect broader physiologic states involving vascular regulation, energy metabolism, inflammation, autonomic function, and neurovascular signaling.</p><h2>Real-world healthcare data can reveal hidden biologic patterns</h2><p>One of the most powerful aspects of modern electronic health records is that they allow researchers to study diseases not only in small clinical cohorts, but across entire healthcare systems and over many years.</p><p>When carefully analyzed, these datasets can reveal subtle physiologic patterns that are often impossible to detect at the level of individual patients.</p><p>This is particularly important for chronic conditions such as migraine, fibromyalgia, ADHD, autoimmune diseases, schizophrenia, dementia, and metabolic disorders, where the biology is often multifactorial and difficult to fully capture in traditional reductionist models.</p><p>In many cases, large-scale longitudinal healthcare data allow us to identify unexpected associations first, and only later begin to understand the underlying biology.</p><h2>Migraine may still be underdiagnosed</h2><p>Another important finding was that most migraine diagnoses in our cohort were made by neurologists, while relatively few were diagnosed by family physicians.</p><p>This may suggest that clinically significant migraine remains under-recognized or underdiagnosed in routine medical care.</p><p>Migraine is one of the leading causes of disability worldwide, particularly during the most productive decades of life. Yet many patients continue to experience years of symptoms before receiving formal diagnosis or effective treatment.</p><p>Large healthcare databases may therefore help not only in understanding migraine biology, but also in identifying gaps in diagnosis and care at the population level.</p><h2>The broader picture</h2><p>At the Leumit Research Institute, our research spans multiple domains, including cancer epidemiology, healthy aging, and factors associated with neurodevelopmental, neuroinflammatory, and chronic conditions ranging from autism and ADHD to fibromyalgia, rheumatologic diseases, schizophrenia, and dementia.</p><p>Across these diverse fields, our research group has repeatedly observed that carefully analyzed longitudinal electronic health records can help unravel previously unrecognized biologic patterns and associations.</p><p>I believe that modern healthcare databases represent one of the most powerful tools currently available for uncovering hidden aspects of chronic disease biology and identifying factors that may help promote healthy aging and longevity at the population level.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5nur!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa786ac2c-2d93-443e-a81a-de37741aba16_1536x1024.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5nur!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa786ac2c-2d93-443e-a81a-de37741aba16_1536x1024.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5nur!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa786ac2c-2d93-443e-a81a-de37741aba16_1536x1024.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5nur!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa786ac2c-2d93-443e-a81a-de37741aba16_1536x1024.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5nur!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa786ac2c-2d93-443e-a81a-de37741aba16_1536x1024.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5nur!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa786ac2c-2d93-443e-a81a-de37741aba16_1536x1024.png" width="1456" height="971" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/a786ac2c-2d93-443e-a81a-de37741aba16_1536x1024.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:971,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:2031369,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.arielisrael.com/i/199614132?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa786ac2c-2d93-443e-a81a-de37741aba16_1536x1024.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5nur!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa786ac2c-2d93-443e-a81a-de37741aba16_1536x1024.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5nur!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa786ac2c-2d93-443e-a81a-de37741aba16_1536x1024.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5nur!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa786ac2c-2d93-443e-a81a-de37741aba16_1536x1024.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5nur!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa786ac2c-2d93-443e-a81a-de37741aba16_1536x1024.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p></p><p><strong>References:</strong></p><ol><li><p>Epidemiology of clinically significant migraine in Israel: a retrospective database study.<br>Shifrin A, Domany E, Tirosh M, et al.<br><em>The Journal of Headache and Pain</em>. 2025;26:24.<br><a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s10194-025-01961-0">doi:10.1186/s10194-025-01961-0</a></p></li></ol><p></p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.arielisrael.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Thanks for reading! Subscribe for free to receive new posts and support my work.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Prematurity and Autism]]></title><description><![CDATA[How Large-Scale Electronic Health Records Reveal Neurodevelopmental Associations That May Help Improve Autism Recognition and Early Intervention]]></description><link>https://www.arielisrael.com/p/prematurity-and-autism</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.arielisrael.com/p/prematurity-and-autism</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Ariel Israel]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Thu, 28 May 2026 08:15:52 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/f8ddeb67-3890-4188-bbc4-c8a91db4b118_1580x996.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a major challenge in pediatric medicine.</p><p>Over the past several decades, the number of children diagnosed with ASD has increased dramatically worldwide. Part of this rise almost certainly reflects increased awareness, broader diagnostic criteria, improved screening, and earlier recognition of children who might previously have gone undiagnosed.</p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.arielisrael.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Thanks for reading! Subscribe for free to receive new posts and support my work.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div><p>But many researchers suspect that this alone may not fully explain the increase.</p><p>Modern epidemiology increasingly suggests that autism is not a single disease with a single cause.</p><p>Rather, ASD appears to represent a broad neurodevelopmental spectrum emerging from complex interactions between genetics, early brain development, immune signaling, inflammation, environmental exposures, metabolic factors, and perinatal events occurring during critical windows of neurodevelopment.</p><p>This complexity is precisely why large-scale longitudinal health data have become so important.</p><p>When sufficiently large populations are studied carefully over many years, hidden biologic patterns sometimes begin to emerge.</p><p>In a recent study published in the Journal of Perinatology, our group used nationwide electronic health records from Leumit Health Services (LHS) in Israel to investigate epidemiologic factors associated with ASD risk.</p><p>For this purpose, we constituted a cohort including 1,861 children diagnosed with ASD and 18,610 matched control children.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!855r!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F522a3d7a-fea1-46da-b766-baaa66f2703f_1164x1351.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!855r!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F522a3d7a-fea1-46da-b766-baaa66f2703f_1164x1351.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!855r!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F522a3d7a-fea1-46da-b766-baaa66f2703f_1164x1351.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!855r!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F522a3d7a-fea1-46da-b766-baaa66f2703f_1164x1351.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!855r!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F522a3d7a-fea1-46da-b766-baaa66f2703f_1164x1351.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!855r!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F522a3d7a-fea1-46da-b766-baaa66f2703f_1164x1351.png" width="1164" height="1351" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/522a3d7a-fea1-46da-b766-baaa66f2703f_1164x1351.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1351,&quot;width&quot;:1164,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:1312917,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.arielisrael.com/i/199510819?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F522a3d7a-fea1-46da-b766-baaa66f2703f_1164x1351.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!855r!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F522a3d7a-fea1-46da-b766-baaa66f2703f_1164x1351.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!855r!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F522a3d7a-fea1-46da-b766-baaa66f2703f_1164x1351.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!855r!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F522a3d7a-fea1-46da-b766-baaa66f2703f_1164x1351.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!855r!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F522a3d7a-fea1-46da-b766-baaa66f2703f_1164x1351.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Children were carefully matched for major known ASD-associated factors, including sex, age, socioeconomic status, ethnic sector, maternal age, and geographic region, allowing us to investigate pregnancy-related factors associated with autism risk as rigorously as possible.</p><p>What emerged was a remarkably clear dose-response relationship between gestational age at birth and the risk of ASD.</p><p>The earlier a child was born, the greater the statistical risk of autism.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-nL1!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8d53aecd-7211-44de-b413-d30ed898f702_1350x383.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-nL1!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8d53aecd-7211-44de-b413-d30ed898f702_1350x383.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-nL1!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8d53aecd-7211-44de-b413-d30ed898f702_1350x383.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-nL1!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8d53aecd-7211-44de-b413-d30ed898f702_1350x383.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-nL1!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8d53aecd-7211-44de-b413-d30ed898f702_1350x383.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-nL1!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8d53aecd-7211-44de-b413-d30ed898f702_1350x383.png" width="1350" height="383" 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class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Compared with children born at term (37-42 weeks), the risk of subsequent ASD increased progressively with the degree of prematurity:</p><ul><li><p>1.369-fold at 36 weeks</p></li><li><p>1.672-fold at 34-35 weeks</p></li><li><p>2.135-fold at 32-33 weeks</p></li><li><p>2.945-fold at 28-31 weeks</p></li><li><p>4.366-fold below 28 weeks</p></li></ul><p>In epidemiology, this type of gradual biologic gradient is important.</p><p>When risk increases progressively with increasing exposure severity, it often suggests that the relationship may reflect underlying biology rather than mere statistical association.</p><p>At the same time, it is important to interpret these findings carefully and responsibly.</p><p>Most children born prematurely do <em>not</em> develop autism.</p><p>And many children diagnosed with ASD were born at full term.</p><p>These findings therefore should not be interpreted as deterministic predictions about individual children.</p><p>Rather, they suggest that prematurity may increase biologic vulnerability during a critical developmental window in at least some infants.</p><p>Why might this happen?</p><p>One possible explanation involves white matter development in the immature brain.</p><p>During late pregnancy, the fetal brain undergoes extraordinarily rapid development. Neural connectivity, synapse formation, myelination, immune regulation, and metabolic programming are all actively evolving during this period.</p><p>Premature birth exposes the developing brain to physiologic stresses during a particularly vulnerable stage.</p><p>Oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, altered cerebral oxygenation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and injury to immature oligodendrocytes may all potentially influence long-term neurodevelopmental trajectories.</p><p>Modern neonatology has dramatically improved survival among premature infants over recent decades, representing one of the major successes of modern medicine. Modern medical care must now strive to maximize the chances that prematurely born children achieve optimal long-term neurodevelopmental outcomes.</p><p>This is one reason why autism research today increasingly focuses not only on diagnosis, but also on early identification, developmental surveillance, and understanding modifiable risk factors whenever possible.</p><p>In this study, we analyzed the large-scale epidemiologic data accumulated within our electronic health records in an effort to better understand autism biology and identify population-level patterns that may help improve outcomes through:</p><ul><li><p>early developmental surveillance,</p></li><li><p>recognition of children at elevated risk,</p></li><li><p>timing of interventions and support,</p></li><li><p>allocation of healthcare and educational resources,</p></li><li><p>and potentially, in the future, prevention strategies for some preventable forms of neurodevelopmental impairment.</p></li></ul><p>Importantly, modern approaches to autism increasingly recognize that ASD is highly heterogeneous.</p><p>Some children have severe communication and developmental impairments.<br>Others function independently with relatively subtle social differences.<br>Some show accompanying intellectual disability, epilepsy, gastrointestinal symptoms, motor abnormalities, or immune-related conditions.<br>Others do not.</p><p>Increasingly, researchers are examining autism not simply as a behavioral diagnosis, but as a neurodevelopmental condition potentially influenced by early immune activation, inflammatory signaling, metabolic stress, genetic susceptibility, microbiome interactions, perinatal complications, and altered brain connectivity.</p><p>Large-scale epidemiology plays a critical role in this effort because many of these biologic signals are difficult to detect in smaller studies.</p><p>Patterns often become visible only when examining hundreds of thousands of longitudinal health records.</p><p>And in many areas of medicine, recognizing these patterns early has eventually led to major advances in prevention and treatment.</p><p>The hope is that by identifying earlier biologic signals, risk factors, and developmental trajectories, medicine may eventually become better at providing earlier support, more personalized interventions, and perhaps prevention for at least some forms of neurodevelopmental injury.</p><p>Autism remains deeply complex.</p><p>But modern epidemiology is beginning to reveal that neurodevelopment, immunity, inflammation, metabolism, and early-life physiology may be far more interconnected than medicine once believed.</p><p>And as increasingly large human datasets become available, some of these hidden biologic patterns are beginning to emerge.</p><p><strong>References:</strong></p><ol><li><p>Prematurity and Autism: A Dose-Response Relationship Across Gestational Age<br><em>Journal of Perinatology</em> (2026)<br>Israel A, Mimouni FB, Vinker S, Mendlovic<br><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41372-026-02632-x">https://doi.org/10.1038/s41372-026-02632-x</a></p></li></ol><p></p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.arielisrael.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Thanks for reading! Subscribe for free to receive new posts and support my work.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[פגות ואוטיזם]]></title><description><![CDATA[&#1499;&#1497;&#1510;&#1491; &#1502;&#1488;&#1490;&#1512;&#1497; &#1502;&#1497;&#1491;&#1506; &#1512;&#1508;&#1488;&#1493;&#1497;&#1497;&#1501; &#1495;&#1493;&#1513;&#1508;&#1497;&#1501; &#1511;&#1513;&#1512;&#1497;&#1501; &#1504;&#1493;&#1497;&#1512;&#1493;-&#1492;&#1514;&#1508;&#1514;&#1495;&#1493;&#1514;&#1497;&#1497;&#1501; &#1513;&#1506;&#1513;&#1493;&#1497;&#1497;&#1501; &#1500;&#1505;&#1497;&#1497;&#1506; &#1489;&#1513;&#1497;&#1508;&#1493;&#1512; &#1494;&#1497;&#1492;&#1493;&#1497; &#1502;&#1493;&#1511;&#1491;&#1501; &#1493;&#1492;&#1514;&#1506;&#1512;&#1489;&#1493;&#1514; &#1502;&#1493;&#1511;&#1491;&#1502;&#1514; &#1489;&#1488;&#1493;&#1496;&#1497;&#1494;&#1501;]]></description><link>https://www.arielisrael.com/p/a52</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.arielisrael.com/p/a52</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Ariel Israel]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Thu, 28 May 2026 07:53:44 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/2649c316-de5e-48cb-b5b5-24a56932766e_1579x996.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p style="text-align: right;">&#1492;&#1508;&#1512;&#1506;&#1514; &#1492;&#1505;&#1508;&#1511;&#1496;&#1512;&#1493;&#1501; &#1492;&#1488;&#1493;&#1496;&#1497;&#1505;&#1496;&#1497; (ASD) &#1492;&#1497;&#1488; &#1488;&#1495;&#1491; &#1492;&#1488;&#1514;&#1490;&#1512;&#1497;&#1501; &#1492;&#1502;&#1512;&#1499;&#1494;&#1497;&#1497;&#1501; &#1489;&#1512;&#1508;&#1493;&#1488;&#1514; &#1492;&#1497;&#1500;&#1491;&#1497;&#1501; &#1492;&#1502;&#1493;&#1491;&#1512;&#1504;&#1497;&#1514;.</p><p>&#1489;&#1506;&#1513;&#1493;&#1512;&#1497;&#1501; &#1492;&#1488;&#1495;&#1512;&#1493;&#1504;&#1497;&#1501; &#1495;&#1500;&#1492; &#1506;&#1500;&#1497;&#1497;&#1492; &#1502;&#1513;&#1502;&#1506;&#1493;&#1514;&#1497;&#1514; &#1489;&#1502;&#1505;&#1508;&#1512; &#1492;&#1497;&#1500;&#1491;&#1497;&#1501; &#1492;&#1502;&#1488;&#1493;&#1489;&#1495;&#1504;&#1497;&#1501; &#1506;&#1501; &#1488;&#1493;&#1496;&#1497;&#1494;&#1501;. &#1495;&#1500;&#1511; &#1502;&#1492;&#1506;&#1500;&#1497;&#1497;&#1492; &#1492;&#1494;&#1493; &#1502;&#1513;&#1511;&#1507; &#1502;&#1493;&#1491;&#1506;&#1493;&#1514; &#1490;&#1489;&#1493;&#1492;&#1492; &#1497;&#1493;&#1514;&#1512;, &#1492;&#1512;&#1495;&#1489;&#1514; &#1492;&#1511;&#1512;&#1497;&#1496;&#1512;&#1497;&#1493;&#1504;&#1497;&#1501; &#1492;&#1488;&#1489;&#1495;&#1504;&#1514;&#1497;&#1497;&#1501;, &#1513;&#1497;&#1508;&#1493;&#1512; &#1489;&#1514;&#1493;&#1499;&#1504;&#1497;&#1493;&#1514; &#1492;&#1505;&#1511;&#1512;, &#1493;&#1494;&#1497;&#1492;&#1493;&#1497; &#1513;&#1500; &#1497;&#1500;&#1491;&#1497;&#1501; &#1513;&#1489;&#1506;&#1489;&#1512; &#1497;&#1497;&#1514;&#1499;&#1503; &#1513;&#1500;&#1488; &#1492;&#1497;&#1493; &#1502;&#1511;&#1489;&#1500;&#1497;&#1501; &#1488;&#1489;&#1495;&#1504;&#1492;.</p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.arielisrael.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Thanks for reading! Subscribe for free to receive new posts and support my work.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div><p>&#1488;&#1498; &#1495;&#1493;&#1511;&#1512;&#1497;&#1501; &#1512;&#1489;&#1497;&#1501; &#1505;&#1489;&#1493;&#1512;&#1497;&#1501; &#1513;&#1497;&#1513; &#1505;&#1497;&#1489;&#1493;&#1514; &#1504;&#1493;&#1505;&#1508;&#1493;&#1514; &#1500;&#1506;&#1500;&#1497;&#1497;&#1492; &#1494;&#1493;.</p><p>&#1492;&#1488;&#1508;&#1497;&#1491;&#1502;&#1497;&#1493;&#1500;&#1493;&#1490;&#1497;&#1492; &#1492;&#1502;&#1493;&#1491;&#1512;&#1504;&#1497;&#1514; &#1502;&#1510;&#1489;&#1497;&#1506;&#1492; &#1497;&#1493;&#1514;&#1512; &#1493;&#1497;&#1493;&#1514;&#1512; &#1506;&#1500; &#1499;&#1498; &#1513;&#1488;&#1493;&#1496;&#1497;&#1494;&#1501; &#1492;&#1493;&#1488; &#1502;&#1510;&#1489; &#1504;&#1493;&#1497;&#1512;&#1493;-&#1492;&#1514;&#1508;&#1514;&#1495;&#1493;&#1514;&#1497; &#1512;&#1489;-&#1490;&#1493;&#1504;&#1497;, &#1513;&#1500;&#1493; &#1490;&#1493;&#1512;&#1502;&#1497;&#1501; &#1512;&#1489;&#1497;&#1501; &#1492;&#1497;&#1499;&#1493;&#1500;&#1497;&#1501; &#1500;&#1514;&#1512;&#1493;&#1501; &#1500;&#1492;&#1493;&#1508;&#1506;&#1514;&#1493;.</p><p>ASD &#1502;&#1497;&#1497;&#1510;&#1490; &#1505;&#1508;&#1511;&#1496;&#1512;&#1493;&#1501; &#1504;&#1493;&#1497;&#1512;&#1493;-&#1492;&#1514;&#1508;&#1514;&#1495;&#1493;&#1514;&#1497; &#1512;&#1495;&#1489;, &#1492;&#1504;&#1493;&#1489;&#1506; &#1502;&#1488;&#1497;&#1504;&#1496;&#1512;&#1488;&#1511;&#1510;&#1497;&#1493;&#1514; &#1502;&#1493;&#1512;&#1499;&#1489;&#1493;&#1514; &#1489;&#1497;&#1503; &#1490;&#1504;&#1496;&#1497;&#1511;&#1492;, &#1492;&#1514;&#1508;&#1514;&#1495;&#1493;&#1514; &#1502;&#1493;&#1495;&#1497;&#1514; &#1502;&#1493;&#1511;&#1491;&#1502;&#1514;, &#1502;&#1505;&#1500;&#1493;&#1500;&#1497; &#1488;&#1497;&#1514;&#1493;&#1514; &#1495;&#1497;&#1505;&#1493;&#1504;&#1497;&#1497;&#1501;, &#1491;&#1500;&#1511;&#1514;, &#1495;&#1513;&#1497;&#1508;&#1493;&#1514; &#1505;&#1489;&#1497;&#1489;&#1514;&#1497;&#1493;&#1514;, &#1490;&#1493;&#1512;&#1502;&#1497;&#1501; &#1502;&#1496;&#1489;&#1493;&#1500;&#1497;&#1497;&#1501; &#1493;&#1488;&#1497;&#1512;&#1493;&#1506;&#1497;&#1501; &#1505;&#1489;&#1497;&#1489; &#1492;&#1500;&#1497;&#1491;&#1492; &#1492;&#1502;&#1514;&#1512;&#1495;&#1513;&#1497;&#1501; &#1489;&#1514;&#1511;&#1493;&#1508;&#1493;&#1514; &#1511;&#1512;&#1497;&#1496;&#1497;&#1493;&#1514; &#1513;&#1500; &#1492;&#1514;&#1508;&#1514;&#1495;&#1493;&#1514; &#1492;&#1502;&#1493;&#1495;.</p><p>&#1492;&#1502;&#1493;&#1512;&#1499;&#1489;&#1493;&#1514; &#1492;&#1494;&#1493; &#1492;&#1497;&#1488; &#1489;&#1491;&#1497;&#1493;&#1511; &#1492;&#1505;&#1497;&#1489;&#1492; &#1500;&#1499;&#1498; &#1513;&#1502;&#1488;&#1490;&#1512;&#1497;&#1501; &#1490;&#1491;&#1493;&#1500;&#1497;&#1501; &#1513;&#1500; &#1512;&#1513;&#1493;&#1502;&#1493;&#1514; &#1512;&#1508;&#1493;&#1488;&#1497;&#1493;&#1514; &#1492;&#1508;&#1499;&#1493; &#1500;&#1495;&#1513;&#1493;&#1489;&#1497;&#1501; &#1499;&#1500; &#1499;&#1498;.</p><p>&#1499;&#1488;&#1513;&#1512; &#1488;&#1493;&#1499;&#1500;&#1493;&#1505;&#1497;&#1493;&#1514; &#1490;&#1491;&#1493;&#1500;&#1493;&#1514; &#1504;&#1489;&#1491;&#1511;&#1493;&#1514; &#1489;&#1511;&#1508;&#1497;&#1491;&#1492; &#1500;&#1488;&#1493;&#1512;&#1498; &#1513;&#1504;&#1497;&#1501;, &#1502;&#1514;&#1495;&#1497;&#1500;&#1497;&#1501; &#1500;&#1492;&#1497;&#1495;&#1513;&#1507; &#1491;&#1508;&#1493;&#1505;&#1497;&#1501; &#1489;&#1497;&#1493;&#1500;&#1493;&#1490;&#1497;&#1497;&#1501;.</p><p>&#1489;&#1502;&#1495;&#1511;&#1512; &#1513;&#1508;&#1493;&#1512;&#1505;&#1501; &#1500;&#1488;&#1495;&#1512;&#1493;&#1504;&#1492; &#1489;-Journal of Perinatology, &#1511;&#1489;&#1493;&#1510;&#1514; &#1492;&#1502;&#1495;&#1511;&#1512; &#1513;&#1500;&#1504;&#1493; &#1492;&#1513;&#1514;&#1502;&#1513;&#1492; &#1489;&#1512;&#1513;&#1493;&#1502;&#1493;&#1514; &#1512;&#1508;&#1493;&#1488;&#1497;&#1493;&#1514; &#1502;&#1513;&#1497;&#1512;&#1493;&#1514;&#1497; &#1489;&#1512;&#1497;&#1488;&#1493;&#1514; &#1500;&#1488;&#1493;&#1502;&#1497;&#1514; &#1499;&#1491;&#1497; &#1500;&#1495;&#1511;&#1493;&#1512; &#1490;&#1493;&#1512;&#1502;&#1497;&#1501; &#1488;&#1508;&#1497;&#1491;&#1502;&#1497;&#1493;&#1500;&#1493;&#1490;&#1497;&#1497;&#1501; &#1492;&#1511;&#1513;&#1493;&#1512;&#1497;&#1501; &#1500;&#1505;&#1497;&#1499;&#1493;&#1503; &#1500;&#1488;&#1493;&#1496;&#1497;&#1494;&#1501;.</p><p>&#1500;&#1510;&#1493;&#1512;&#1498; &#1499;&#1498; &#1489;&#1504;&#1497;&#1504;&#1493; &#1506;&#1493;&#1511;&#1489;&#1492; &#1513;&#1499;&#1500;&#1500;&#1492; 1,861 &#1497;&#1500;&#1491;&#1497;&#1501; &#1513;&#1488;&#1493;&#1489;&#1495;&#1504;&#1493; &#1506;&#1501; ASD &#1493;-18,610 &#1497;&#1500;&#1491;&#1497; &#1489;&#1497;&#1511;&#1493;&#1512;&#1514; &#1514;&#1493;&#1488;&#1502;&#1497;&#1501;.</p><p>&#1492;&#1497;&#1500;&#1491;&#1497;&#1501; &#1492;&#1493;&#1514;&#1488;&#1502;&#1493; &#1489;&#1511;&#1508;&#1497;&#1491;&#1492; &#1500;&#1490;&#1493;&#1512;&#1502;&#1497; &#1505;&#1497;&#1499;&#1493;&#1503; &#1492;&#1506;&#1497;&#1511;&#1512;&#1497;&#1497;&#1501; &#1492;&#1497;&#1491;&#1493;&#1506;&#1497;&#1501; &#1499;&#1511;&#1513;&#1493;&#1512;&#1497;&#1501; &#1500;-ASD, &#1499;&#1493;&#1500;&#1500; &#1502;&#1497;&#1503;, &#1490;&#1497;&#1500;, &#1502;&#1510;&#1489; &#1505;&#1493;&#1510;&#1497;&#1493;-&#1488;&#1511;&#1493;&#1504;&#1493;&#1502;&#1497;, &#1502;&#1490;&#1494;&#1512;, &#1490;&#1497;&#1500; &#1492;&#1488;&#1501; &#1493;&#1488;&#1494;&#1493;&#1512; &#1502;&#1490;&#1493;&#1512;&#1497;&#1501;, &#1489;&#1502;&#1496;&#1512;&#1492; &#1500;&#1488;&#1508;&#1513;&#1512; &#1489;&#1495;&#1497;&#1504;&#1492; &#1502;&#1491;&#1493;&#1497;&#1511;&#1514; &#1499;&#1499;&#1500; &#1492;&#1488;&#1508;&#1513;&#1512; &#1513;&#1500; &#1490;&#1493;&#1512;&#1502;&#1497;&#1501; &#1492;&#1511;&#1513;&#1493;&#1512;&#1497;&#1501; &#1500;&#1492;&#1512;&#1497;&#1493;&#1503; &#1493;&#1500;&#1505;&#1497;&#1499;&#1493;&#1503; &#1500;&#1488;&#1493;&#1496;&#1497;&#1494;&#1501;.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!KU5e!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F168f41f9-c422-45c9-ab21-be24256f13a5_1296x1214.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" 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stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line 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&#1492;&#1488;&#1493;&#1499;&#1500;&#1493;&#1505;&#1497;&#1497;&#1492; &#1513;&#1506;&#1513;&#1493;&#1497;&#1497;&#1501; &#1500;&#1505;&#1497;&#1497;&#1506; &#1489;&#1513;&#1497;&#1508;&#1493;&#1512;:</p><ul><li><p>&#1492;&#1502;&#1506;&#1511;&#1489; &#1492;&#1492;&#1514;&#1508;&#1514;&#1495;&#1493;&#1514;&#1497; &#1492;&#1502;&#1493;&#1511;&#1491;&#1501;,</p></li><li><p>&#1494;&#1497;&#1492;&#1493;&#1497; &#1497;&#1500;&#1491;&#1497;&#1501; &#1489;&#1505;&#1497;&#1499;&#1493;&#1503; &#1502;&#1493;&#1490;&#1489;&#1512;,</p></li><li><p>&#1514;&#1494;&#1502;&#1493;&#1503; &#1492;&#1514;&#1506;&#1512;&#1489;&#1493;&#1497;&#1493;&#1514; &#1493;&#1514;&#1502;&#1497;&#1499;&#1492;,</p></li><li><p>&#1492;&#1511;&#1510;&#1488;&#1514; &#1502;&#1513;&#1488;&#1489;&#1497; &#1489;&#1512;&#1497;&#1488;&#1493;&#1514; &#1493;&#1495;&#1497;&#1504;&#1493;&#1498;,</p></li><li><p>&#1493;&#1488;&#1493;&#1500;&#1497; &#1489;&#1506;&#1514;&#1497;&#1491; &#1490;&#1501; &#1488;&#1505;&#1496;&#1512;&#1496;&#1490;&#1497;&#1493;&#1514; &#1502;&#1504;&#1497;&#1506;&#1492; &#1506;&#1489;&#1493;&#1512; &#1495;&#1500;&#1511; &#1502;&#1492;&#1508;&#1490;&#1497;&#1506;&#1493;&#1514; &#1492;&#1504;&#1493;&#1497;&#1512;&#1493;-&#1492;&#1514;&#1508;&#1514;&#1495;&#1493;&#1514;&#1497;&#1493;&#1514; &#1492;&#1504;&#1497;&#1514;&#1504;&#1493;&#1514; &#1500;&#1502;&#1504;&#1497;&#1506;&#1492;.</p></li></ul><p>&#1495;&#1513;&#1493;&#1489; &#1500;&#1492;&#1489;&#1497;&#1503; &#1499;&#1497; &#1492;&#1490;&#1497;&#1513;&#1493;&#1514; &#1492;&#1502;&#1493;&#1491;&#1512;&#1504;&#1497;&#1493;&#1514; &#1500;&#1488;&#1493;&#1496;&#1497;&#1494;&#1501; &#1502;&#1499;&#1497;&#1512;&#1493;&#1514; &#1497;&#1493;&#1514;&#1512; &#1493;&#1497;&#1493;&#1514;&#1512; &#1489;&#1499;&#1498; &#1513;-ASD &#1492;&#1493;&#1488; &#1502;&#1510;&#1489; &#1492;&#1496;&#1512;&#1493;&#1490;&#1504;&#1497; &#1502;&#1488;&#1493;&#1491;.</p><p>&#1495;&#1500;&#1511; &#1502;&#1492;&#1497;&#1500;&#1491;&#1497;&#1501; &#1505;&#1493;&#1489;&#1500;&#1497;&#1501; &#1502;&#1492;&#1508;&#1512;&#1506;&#1493;&#1514; &#1502;&#1513;&#1502;&#1506;&#1493;&#1514;&#1497;&#1493;&#1514; &#1489;&#1514;&#1511;&#1513;&#1493;&#1512;&#1514; &#1493;&#1489;&#1492;&#1514;&#1508;&#1514;&#1495;&#1493;&#1514;.<br>&#1488;&#1495;&#1512;&#1497;&#1501; &#1502;&#1514;&#1508;&#1511;&#1491;&#1497;&#1501; &#1489;&#1488;&#1493;&#1508;&#1503; &#1506;&#1510;&#1502;&#1488;&#1497; &#1506;&#1501; &#1492;&#1489;&#1491;&#1500;&#1497;&#1501; &#1495;&#1489;&#1512;&#1514;&#1497;&#1497;&#1501; &#1506;&#1491;&#1497;&#1504;&#1497;&#1501; &#1497;&#1495;&#1505;&#1497;&#1514;.<br>&#1495;&#1500;&#1511;&#1501; &#1502;&#1510;&#1497;&#1490;&#1497;&#1501; &#1490;&#1501; &#1502;&#1493;&#1490;&#1489;&#1500;&#1493;&#1514; &#1513;&#1499;&#1500;&#1497;&#1514;, &#1488;&#1508;&#1497;&#1500;&#1508;&#1505;&#1497;&#1492;, &#1514;&#1505;&#1502;&#1497;&#1504;&#1497;&#1501; &#1490;&#1505;&#1496;&#1512;&#1493;&#1488;&#1497;&#1504;&#1496;&#1505;&#1496;&#1497;&#1504;&#1500;&#1497;&#1497;&#1501;, &#1492;&#1508;&#1512;&#1506;&#1493;&#1514; &#1502;&#1493;&#1496;&#1493;&#1512;&#1497;&#1493;&#1514; &#1488;&#1493; &#1502;&#1510;&#1489;&#1497;&#1501; &#1492;&#1511;&#1513;&#1493;&#1512;&#1497;&#1501; &#1500;&#1502;&#1506;&#1512;&#1499;&#1514; &#1492;&#1495;&#1497;&#1505;&#1493;&#1503;.<br>&#1493;&#1488;&#1495;&#1512;&#1497;&#1501; &#1488;&#1497;&#1504;&#1501; &#1502;&#1510;&#1497;&#1490;&#1497;&#1501; &#1502;&#1488;&#1508;&#1497;&#1497;&#1504;&#1497;&#1501; &#1488;&#1500;&#1493;.</p><p>&#1497;&#1493;&#1514;&#1512; &#1493;&#1497;&#1493;&#1514;&#1512; &#1495;&#1493;&#1511;&#1512;&#1497;&#1501; &#1489;&#1493;&#1495;&#1504;&#1497;&#1501; &#1499;&#1497;&#1493;&#1501; &#1488;&#1493;&#1496;&#1497;&#1494;&#1501; &#1500;&#1488; &#1512;&#1511; &#1499;&#1492;&#1508;&#1512;&#1506;&#1492; &#1492;&#1514;&#1504;&#1492;&#1490;&#1493;&#1514;&#1497;&#1514;, &#1488;&#1500;&#1488; &#1499;&#1502;&#1510;&#1489; &#1504;&#1493;&#1497;&#1512;&#1493;-&#1492;&#1514;&#1508;&#1514;&#1495;&#1493;&#1514;&#1497; &#1513;&#1506;&#1513;&#1493;&#1497; &#1500;&#1492;&#1497;&#1493;&#1514; &#1502;&#1493;&#1513;&#1508;&#1506; &#1502;&#1502;&#1506;&#1512;&#1499;&#1514; &#1492;&#1495;&#1497;&#1505;&#1493;&#1503;, &#1502;&#1505;&#1500;&#1493;&#1500;&#1497; &#1491;&#1500;&#1511;&#1514;, &#1506;&#1511;&#1492; &#1502;&#1496;&#1489;&#1493;&#1500;&#1497;&#1514;, &#1512;&#1490;&#1497;&#1513;&#1493;&#1514; &#1490;&#1504;&#1496;&#1497;&#1514;, &#1488;&#1497;&#1504;&#1496;&#1512;&#1488;&#1511;&#1510;&#1497;&#1493;&#1514; &#1506;&#1501; &#1492;&#1502;&#1497;&#1511;&#1512;&#1493;&#1489;&#1497;&#1493;&#1501;, &#1505;&#1497;&#1489;&#1493;&#1499;&#1497;&#1501; &#1505;&#1489;&#1497;&#1489; &#1492;&#1500;&#1497;&#1491;&#1492; &#1493;&#1513;&#1497;&#1504;&#1493;&#1497;&#1497;&#1501; &#1489;&#1511;&#1497;&#1513;&#1493;&#1512;&#1497;&#1493;&#1514; &#1492;&#1502;&#1493;&#1495;&#1497;&#1514;.</p><p>&#1500;&#1502;&#1495;&#1511;&#1512; &#1492;&#1488;&#1508;&#1497;&#1491;&#1502;&#1497;&#1493;&#1500;&#1493;&#1490;&#1497; &#1506;&#1500; &#1502;&#1488;&#1490;&#1512;&#1497;&#1501; &#1512;&#1508;&#1493;&#1488;&#1497;&#1497;&#1501; &#1490;&#1491;&#1493;&#1500;&#1497;&#1501; &#1497;&#1513; &#1514;&#1508;&#1511;&#1497;&#1491; &#1502;&#1512;&#1499;&#1494;&#1497; &#1489;&#1502;&#1488;&#1502;&#1509; &#1492;&#1494;&#1492;, &#1502;&#1513;&#1493;&#1501; &#1513;&#1492;&#1493;&#1488; &#1502;&#1488;&#1508;&#1513;&#1512; &#1500;&#1494;&#1492;&#1493;&#1514; &#1488;&#1493;&#1514;&#1493;&#1514; &#1489;&#1497;&#1493;&#1500;&#1493;&#1490;&#1497;&#1497;&#1501;, &#1513;&#1511;&#1513;&#1497;&#1501; &#1500;&#1494;&#1497;&#1492;&#1493;&#1497; &#1489;&#1502;&#1495;&#1511;&#1512;&#1497;&#1501; &#1511;&#1496;&#1504;&#1497;&#1501;.</p><p>&#1500;&#1506;&#1497;&#1514;&#1497;&#1501; &#1491;&#1508;&#1493;&#1505;&#1497;&#1501; &#1492;&#1493;&#1508;&#1499;&#1497;&#1501; &#1490;&#1500;&#1493;&#1497;&#1497;&#1501; &#1512;&#1511; &#1499;&#1488;&#1513;&#1512; &#1489;&#1493;&#1495;&#1504;&#1497;&#1501; &#1502;&#1488;&#1493;&#1514; &#1488;&#1500;&#1508;&#1497; &#1512;&#1513;&#1493;&#1502;&#1493;&#1514; &#1512;&#1508;&#1493;&#1488;&#1497;&#1493;&#1514; &#1500;&#1488;&#1493;&#1512;&#1498; &#1494;&#1502;&#1503;.</p><p>&#1489;&#1514;&#1495;&#1493;&#1502;&#1497;&#1501; &#1512;&#1489;&#1497;&#1501; &#1489;&#1512;&#1508;&#1493;&#1488;&#1492;, &#1494;&#1497;&#1492;&#1493;&#1497; &#1502;&#1493;&#1511;&#1491;&#1501; &#1513;&#1500; &#1491;&#1508;&#1493;&#1505;&#1497;&#1501; &#1499;&#1488;&#1500;&#1492; &#1492;&#1493;&#1489;&#1497;&#1500; &#1489;&#1505;&#1493;&#1508;&#1493; &#1513;&#1500; &#1491;&#1489;&#1512; &#1500;&#1492;&#1514;&#1511;&#1491;&#1502;&#1493;&#1497;&#1493;&#1514; &#1502;&#1513;&#1502;&#1506;&#1493;&#1514;&#1497;&#1493;&#1514; &#1489;&#1502;&#1504;&#1497;&#1506;&#1492; &#1493;&#1489;&#1496;&#1497;&#1508;&#1493;&#1500;.</p><p>&#1492;&#1514;&#1511;&#1493;&#1493;&#1492; &#1492;&#1497;&#1488; &#1513;&#1506;&#1500; &#1497;&#1491;&#1497; &#1494;&#1497;&#1492;&#1493;&#1497; &#1502;&#1493;&#1511;&#1491;&#1501; &#1497;&#1493;&#1514;&#1512; &#1513;&#1500; &#1488;&#1493;&#1514;&#1493;&#1514; &#1489;&#1497;&#1493;&#1500;&#1493;&#1490;&#1497;&#1497;&#1501;, &#1490;&#1493;&#1512;&#1502;&#1497; &#1505;&#1497;&#1499;&#1493;&#1503; &#1493;&#1502;&#1505;&#1500;&#1493;&#1500;&#1497; &#1492;&#1514;&#1508;&#1514;&#1495;&#1493;&#1514;, &#1492;&#1512;&#1508;&#1493;&#1488;&#1492; &#1514;&#1493;&#1499;&#1500; &#1489;&#1506;&#1514;&#1497;&#1491; &#1500;&#1505;&#1508;&#1511; &#1514;&#1502;&#1497;&#1499;&#1492; &#1502;&#1493;&#1511;&#1491;&#1502;&#1514; &#1497;&#1493;&#1514;&#1512;, &#1492;&#1514;&#1506;&#1512;&#1489;&#1493;&#1497;&#1493;&#1514; &#1502;&#1493;&#1514;&#1488;&#1502;&#1493;&#1514; &#1488;&#1497;&#1513;&#1497;&#1514;, &#1493;&#1488;&#1493;&#1500;&#1497; &#1488;&#1507; &#1502;&#1504;&#1497;&#1506;&#1492; &#1513;&#1500; &#1495;&#1500;&#1511; &#1502;&#1492;&#1508;&#1490;&#1497;&#1506;&#1493;&#1514; &#1492;&#1504;&#1493;&#1497;&#1512;&#1493;-&#1492;&#1514;&#1508;&#1514;&#1495;&#1493;&#1514;&#1497;&#1493;&#1514;.</p><p>&#1489;&#1497;&#1504;&#1514;&#1497;&#1497;&#1501;, &#1488;&#1493;&#1496;&#1497;&#1494;&#1501; &#1504;&#1493;&#1514;&#1512; &#1502;&#1510;&#1489; &#1502;&#1493;&#1512;&#1499;&#1489; &#1502;&#1488;&#1493;&#1491;.</p><p>&#1488;&#1498; &#1492;&#1488;&#1508;&#1497;&#1491;&#1502;&#1497;&#1493;&#1500;&#1493;&#1490;&#1497;&#1492; &#1492;&#1502;&#1493;&#1491;&#1512;&#1504;&#1497;&#1514; &#1502;&#1514;&#1495;&#1497;&#1500;&#1492; &#1500;&#1495;&#1513;&#1493;&#1507; &#1499;&#1497; &#1492;&#1514;&#1508;&#1514;&#1495;&#1493;&#1514; &#1492;&#1502;&#1493;&#1495;, &#1502;&#1506;&#1512;&#1499;&#1514; &#1492;&#1495;&#1497;&#1505;&#1493;&#1503;, &#1491;&#1500;&#1511;&#1514;, &#1502;&#1496;&#1489;&#1493;&#1500;&#1497;&#1494;&#1501; &#1493;&#1508;&#1497;&#1494;&#1497;&#1493;&#1500;&#1493;&#1490;&#1497;&#1492; &#1502;&#1493;&#1511;&#1491;&#1502;&#1514; &#1513;&#1500; &#1492;&#1495;&#1497;&#1497;&#1501; &#1511;&#1513;&#1493;&#1512;&#1497;&#1501; &#1494;&#1492; &#1489;&#1494;&#1492; &#1492;&#1512;&#1489;&#1492; &#1497;&#1493;&#1514;&#1512; &#1502;&#1499;&#1508;&#1497; &#1513;&#1505;&#1489;&#1512;&#1492; &#1492;&#1512;&#1508;&#1493;&#1488;&#1492; &#1489;&#1506;&#1489;&#1512;.</p><p>&#1493;&#1499;&#1499;&#1500; &#1513;&#1502;&#1510;&#1496;&#1489;&#1512;&#1497;&#1501; &#1492;&#1504;&#1514;&#1493;&#1504;&#1497;&#1501; &#1489;&#1502;&#1488;&#1490;&#1512;&#1497; &#1492;&#1502;&#1497;&#1491;&#1506; &#1492;&#1490;&#1491;&#1493;&#1500;&#1497;&#1501;, &#1504;&#1495;&#1513;&#1508;&#1497;&#1501; &#1497;&#1493;&#1514;&#1512; &#1492;&#1491;&#1508;&#1493;&#1505;&#1497;&#1501; &#1492;&#1489;&#1497;&#1493;&#1500;&#1493;&#1490;&#1497;&#1497;&#1501; &#1492;&#1511;&#1513;&#1493;&#1512;&#1497;&#1501; &#1500;&#1492;&#1514;&#1508;&#1514;&#1495;&#1493;&#1514; &#1492;&#1492;&#1508;&#1506;&#1512;&#1492;.</p><p></p><h3 style="text-align: right;"><strong>&#1511;&#1497;&#1513;&#1493;&#1512; &#1500;&#1502;&#1488;&#1502;&#1512;:</strong></h3><ol><li><p>Prematurity and Autism: A Dose-Response Relationship Across Gestational Age<br><em>Journal of Perinatology</em> (2026)<br>Israel A, Mimouni FB, Vinker S, Mendlovic<br><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41372-026-02632-x">https://doi.org/10.1038/s41372-026-02632-x</a></p></li></ol><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.arielisrael.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Thanks for reading! Subscribe for free to receive new posts and support my work.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[האם מאגרי מידע רפואיים יכולים לחשוף את הביולוגיה החבויה שבבסיס פיברומיאלגיה?]]></title><description><![CDATA[&#1502;&#1492; &#1512;&#1513;&#1493;&#1502;&#1493;&#1514; &#1512;&#1508;&#1493;&#1488;&#1497;&#1493;&#1514; &#1502;&#1502;&#1493;&#1495;&#1513;&#1489;&#1493;&#1514; &#1497;&#1499;&#1493;&#1500;&#1493;&#1514; &#1500;&#1500;&#1502;&#1491; &#1488;&#1493;&#1514;&#1504;&#1493; &#1506;&#1500; &#1508;&#1497;&#1489;&#1512;&#1493;&#1502;&#1497;&#1488;&#1500;&#1490;&#1497;&#1492;]]></description><link>https://www.arielisrael.com/p/88f</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.arielisrael.com/p/88f</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Ariel Israel]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Wed, 27 May 2026 08:17:47 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/c59adf8c-9084-4e89-9989-a27681f6ff9b_1693x929.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>&#1508;&#1497;&#1489;&#1512;&#1493;&#1502;&#1497;&#1488;&#1500;&#1490;&#1497;&#1492; &#1492;&#1497;&#1488; &#1488;&#1495;&#1514; &#1492;&#1502;&#1495;&#1500;&#1493;&#1514; &#1492;&#1499;&#1512;&#1493;&#1504;&#1497;&#1493;&#1514; &#1492;&#1508;&#1495;&#1493;&#1514; &#1502;&#1493;&#1489;&#1504;&#1493;&#1514; &#1489;&#1512;&#1508;&#1493;&#1488;&#1492; &#1492;&#1502;&#1493;&#1491;&#1512;&#1504;&#1497;&#1514;.</p><p>&#1492;&#1495;&#1493;&#1500;&#1497;&#1501; &#1505;&#1493;&#1489;&#1500;&#1497;&#1501; &#1502;&#1499;&#1488;&#1489;&#1497;&#1501; &#1502;&#1508;&#1493;&#1513;&#1496;&#1497;&#1501; &#1499;&#1512;&#1493;&#1504;&#1497;&#1497;&#1501;, &#1506;&#1497;&#1497;&#1508;&#1493;&#1514;, &#1492;&#1508;&#1512;&#1506;&#1493;&#1514; &#1513;&#1497;&#1504;&#1492;, &#1511;&#1513;&#1497;&#1497; &#1512;&#1497;&#1499;&#1493;&#1494; &#1493;&#1494;&#1497;&#1499;&#1512;&#1493;&#1503; (&#8221;&#1506;&#1512;&#1508;&#1500; &#1502;&#1493;&#1495;&#1497;&#8221;), &#1499;&#1488;&#1489;&#1497; &#1512;&#1488;&#1513;, &#1514;&#1500;&#1493;&#1504;&#1493;&#1514; &#1489;&#1502;&#1506;&#1512;&#1499;&#1514; &#1492;&#1506;&#1497;&#1499;&#1493;&#1500;, &#1493;&#1506;&#1493;&#1491; &#1502;&#1490;&#1493;&#1493;&#1503; &#1512;&#1495;&#1489; &#1513;&#1500; &#1514;&#1505;&#1502;&#1497;&#1504;&#1497;&#1501; &#1513;&#1506;&#1500;&#1493;&#1500;&#1497;&#1501; &#1500;&#1508;&#1490;&#1493;&#1506; &#1489;&#1510;&#1493;&#1512;&#1492; &#1511;&#1513;&#1492; &#1489;&#1488;&#1497;&#1499;&#1493;&#1514; &#1492;&#1495;&#1497;&#1497;&#1501;. &#1500;&#1502;&#1512;&#1493;&#1514; &#1513;&#1492;&#1502;&#1495;&#1500;&#1492; &#1508;&#1493;&#1490;&#1506;&#1514; &#1489;&#1502;&#1497;&#1500;&#1497;&#1493;&#1504;&#1497; &#1488;&#1504;&#1513;&#1497;&#1501; &#1489;&#1512;&#1495;&#1489;&#1497; &#1492;&#1506;&#1493;&#1500;&#1501;, &#1492;&#1489;&#1497;&#1493;&#1500;&#1493;&#1490;&#1497;&#1492; &#1513;&#1502;&#1488;&#1495;&#1493;&#1512;&#1497;&#1492; &#1506;&#1491;&#1497;&#1497;&#1503; &#1488;&#1497;&#1504;&#1492; &#1502;&#1493;&#1489;&#1504;&#1514; &#1492;&#1497;&#1496;&#1489;.</p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.arielisrael.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Thanks for reading! Subscribe for free to receive new posts and support my work.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div><p>&#1489;&#1502;&#1513;&#1498; &#1506;&#1513;&#1512;&#1493;&#1514; &#1513;&#1504;&#1497;&#1501; &#1508;&#1497;&#1489;&#1512;&#1493;&#1502;&#1497;&#1488;&#1500;&#1490;&#1497;&#1492; &#1492;&#1493;&#1510;&#1490;&#1492; &#1500;&#1506;&#1497;&#1514;&#1497;&#1501; &#1489;&#1506;&#1497;&#1511;&#1512; &#1499;&#1492;&#1508;&#1512;&#1506;&#1492; &#1489;&#1514;&#1508;&#1497;&#1505;&#1514; &#1499;&#1488;&#1489; &#1488;&#1493; &#1499;&#1502;&#1510;&#1489; &#1513;&#1500; &#8220;&#1512;&#1490;&#1497;&#1513;&#1493;&#1514; &#1497;&#1514;&#1512;&#8221; &#1513;&#1500; &#1502;&#1506;&#1512;&#1499;&#1514; &#1492;&#1506;&#1510;&#1489;&#1497;&#1501; &#1492;&#1502;&#1512;&#1499;&#1494;&#1497;&#1514;. &#1488;&#1498; &#1489;&#1513;&#1504;&#1497;&#1501; &#1492;&#1488;&#1495;&#1512;&#1493;&#1504;&#1493;&#1514;, &#1504;&#1514;&#1493;&#1504;&#1497; &#1489;&#1512;&#1497;&#1488;&#1493;&#1514; &#1512;&#1495;&#1489;&#1497; &#1492;&#1497;&#1511;&#1507; &#1502;&#1514;&#1495;&#1497;&#1500;&#1497;&#1501; &#1500;&#1495;&#1513;&#1493;&#1507; &#1514;&#1502;&#1493;&#1504;&#1492; &#1502;&#1493;&#1512;&#1499;&#1489;&#1514; &#1492;&#1512;&#1489;&#1492; &#1497;&#1493;&#1514;&#1512;: &#1504;&#1512;&#1488;&#1492; &#1513;&#1492;&#1502;&#1495;&#1500;&#1492; &#1511;&#1513;&#1493;&#1512;&#1492; &#1500;&#1513;&#1497;&#1504;&#1493;&#1497;&#1497;&#1501; &#1508;&#1497;&#1494;&#1497;&#1493;&#1500;&#1493;&#1490;&#1497;&#1497;&#1501; &#1502;&#1506;&#1512;&#1499;&#1514;&#1497;&#1497;&#1501; &#1488;&#1502;&#1497;&#1514;&#1497;&#1497;&#1501;, &#1513;&#1495;&#1493;&#1512;&#1490;&#1497;&#1501; &#1492;&#1512;&#1489;&#1492; &#1502;&#1506;&#1489;&#1512; &#1500;&#1499;&#1488;&#1489; &#1489;&#1500;&#1489;&#1491;.</p><p>&#1489;&#1513;&#1504;&#1497;&#1501; &#1492;&#1488;&#1495;&#1512;&#1493;&#1504;&#1493;&#1514; &#1492;&#1511;&#1489;&#1493;&#1510;&#1492; &#1513;&#1500;&#1504;&#1493; &#1495;&#1493;&#1511;&#1512;&#1514; &#1508;&#1497;&#1489;&#1512;&#1493;&#1502;&#1497;&#1488;&#1500;&#1490;&#1497;&#1492; &#1489;&#1488;&#1502;&#1510;&#1506;&#1493;&#1514; &#1512;&#1513;&#1493;&#1502;&#1493;&#1514; &#1512;&#1508;&#1493;&#1488;&#1497;&#1493;&#1514; &#1502;&#1502;&#1493;&#1495;&#1513;&#1489;&#1493;&#1514; &#1513;&#1500; &#1488;&#1493;&#1499;&#1500;&#1493;&#1505;&#1497;&#1497;&#1492; &#1488;&#1512;&#1510;&#1497;&#1514; &#1513;&#1500;&#1502;&#1492;, &#1489;&#1502;&#1496;&#1512;&#1492; &#1500;&#1492;&#1489;&#1497;&#1503; &#1496;&#1493;&#1489; &#1497;&#1493;&#1514;&#1512; &#1488;&#1514; &#1492;&#1489;&#1497;&#1493;&#1500;&#1493;&#1490;&#1497;&#1492; &#1513;&#1500; &#1492;&#1502;&#1495;&#1500;&#1492; &#1493;&#1488;&#1514; &#1492;&#1502;&#1495;&#1500;&#1493;&#1514; &#1492;&#1504;&#1500;&#1493;&#1493;&#1514; &#1488;&#1500;&#1497;&#1492;.</p><p>&#1489;&#1488;&#1495;&#1491; &#1492;&#1502;&#1495;&#1511;&#1512;&#1497;&#1501; &#1492;&#1488;&#1495;&#1512;&#1493;&#1504;&#1497;&#1501; &#1513;&#1500;&#1504;&#1493; &#1489;&#1495;&#1504;&#1493; &#1502;&#1495;&#1500;&#1493;&#1514; &#1494;&#1497;&#1492;&#1493;&#1502;&#1497;&#1493;&#1514; &#1489;&#1511;&#1512;&#1489; &#1497;&#1493;&#1514;&#1512; &#1502;-9,000 &#1495;&#1493;&#1500;&#1497; &#1508;&#1497;&#1489;&#1512;&#1493;&#1502;&#1497;&#1488;&#1500;&#1490;&#1497;&#1492;, &#1493;&#1492;&#1513;&#1493;&#1493;&#1497;&#1504;&#1493; &#1488;&#1493;&#1514;&#1501; &#1500;&#1497;&#1493;&#1514;&#1512; &#1502;-46,000 &#1504;&#1489;&#1491;&#1511;&#1497; &#1489;&#1497;&#1511;&#1493;&#1512;&#1514; &#1514;&#1493;&#1488;&#1502;&#1497;&#1501; &#1502;&#1514;&#1493;&#1498; &#1502;&#1506;&#1512;&#1499;&#1514; &#1489;&#1512;&#1497;&#1488;&#1493;&#1514; &#1488;&#1512;&#1510;&#1497;&#1514; &#1489;&#1497;&#1513;&#1512;&#1488;&#1500;.</p><p>&#1492;&#1502;&#1502;&#1510;&#1488;&#1497;&#1501; &#1492;&#1497;&#1493; &#1489;&#1493;&#1500;&#1496;&#1497;&#1501; &#1502;&#1488;&#1493;&#1491;.</p><p>&#1495;&#1493;&#1500;&#1497; &#1508;&#1497;&#1489;&#1512;&#1493;&#1502;&#1497;&#1488;&#1500;&#1490;&#1497;&#1492; &#1492;&#1512;&#1488;&#1493; &#1513;&#1497;&#1506;&#1493;&#1512;&#1497;&#1501; &#1502;&#1493;&#1490;&#1489;&#1512;&#1497;&#1501; &#1502;&#1513;&#1502;&#1506;&#1493;&#1514;&#1497;&#1514; &#1513;&#1500; &#1502;&#1490;&#1493;&#1493;&#1503; &#1512;&#1495;&#1489; &#1513;&#1500; &#1502;&#1495;&#1500;&#1493;&#1514; &#1494;&#1497;&#1492;&#1493;&#1502;&#1497;&#1493;&#1514;, &#1499;&#1493;&#1500;&#1500;:</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!88IM!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F602ba853-50b5-4c91-a0c3-d5c9f7ee9198_1564x913.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!88IM!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F602ba853-50b5-4c91-a0c3-d5c9f7ee9198_1564x913.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!88IM!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F602ba853-50b5-4c91-a0c3-d5c9f7ee9198_1564x913.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!88IM!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F602ba853-50b5-4c91-a0c3-d5c9f7ee9198_1564x913.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!88IM!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F602ba853-50b5-4c91-a0c3-d5c9f7ee9198_1564x913.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!88IM!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F602ba853-50b5-4c91-a0c3-d5c9f7ee9198_1564x913.png" width="1456" height="850" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/602ba853-50b5-4c91-a0c3-d5c9f7ee9198_1564x913.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:850,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!88IM!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F602ba853-50b5-4c91-a0c3-d5c9f7ee9198_1564x913.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!88IM!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F602ba853-50b5-4c91-a0c3-d5c9f7ee9198_1564x913.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!88IM!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F602ba853-50b5-4c91-a0c3-d5c9f7ee9198_1564x913.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!88IM!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F602ba853-50b5-4c91-a0c3-d5c9f7ee9198_1564x913.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><ul><li><p>&#1494;&#1497;&#1492;&#1493;&#1502;&#1497;&#1501; &#1489;&#1491;&#1512;&#1499;&#1497; &#1492;&#1504;&#1513;&#1497;&#1502;&#1492; &#1492;&#1506;&#1500;&#1497;&#1493;&#1504;&#1493;&#1514;</p></li><li><p>&#1491;&#1500;&#1511;&#1514; &#1512;&#1497;&#1488;&#1493;&#1514;</p></li><li><p>&#1513;&#1508;&#1506;&#1514;</p></li><li><p>&#1505;&#1497;&#1504;&#1493;&#1505;&#1497;&#1496;&#1497;&#1505;</p></li><li><p>&#1491;&#1500;&#1511;&#1493;&#1514; &#1489;&#1491;&#1512;&#1499;&#1497; &#1492;&#1513;&#1514;&#1503;</p></li><li><p>&#1510;&#1500;&#1493;&#1500;&#1497;&#1496;&#1497;&#1505; (&#1494;&#1497;&#1492;&#1493;&#1501; &#1513;&#1500; &#1492;&#1506;&#1493;&#1512; &#1493;&#1492;&#1512;&#1511;&#1502;&#1493;&#1514; &#1492;&#1514;&#1514;-&#1506;&#1493;&#1512;&#1497;&#1493;&#1514;)</p></li><li><p>&#1494;&#1497;&#1492;&#1493;&#1502;&#1497;&#1501; &#1508;&#1496;&#1512;&#1497;&#1497;&#1514;&#1497;&#1497;&#1501;</p></li><li><p>&#1511;&#1504;&#1491;&#1497;&#1491;&#1497;&#1488;&#1494;&#1497;&#1505;</p></li><li><p>&#1494;&#1497;&#1492;&#1493;&#1501; &#1489;&#1492;&#1500;&#1497;&#1511;&#1493;&#1489;&#1511;&#1496;&#1512; &#1508;&#1497;&#1500;&#1493;&#1512;&#1497;</p></li><li><p>COVID-19</p></li><li><p>&#1493;&#1494;&#1497;&#1492;&#1493;&#1502;&#1497; CMV (&#1510;&#1497;&#1496;&#1493;&#1502;&#1490;&#1500;&#1493;&#1493;&#1497;&#1512;&#1493;&#1505;)</p></li></ul><p>&#1489;&#1488;&#1493;&#1508;&#1503; &#1489;&#1493;&#1500;&#1496; &#1489;&#1502;&#1497;&#1493;&#1495;&#1491;, &#1500;&#1495;&#1493;&#1500;&#1497; &#1508;&#1497;&#1489;&#1512;&#1493;&#1502;&#1497;&#1488;&#1500;&#1490;&#1497;&#1492; &#1492;&#1497;&#1492; &#1513;&#1497;&#1506;&#1493;&#1512; &#1490;&#1489;&#1493;&#1492; &#1499;&#1502;&#1506;&#1496; &#1508;&#1497; 8 &#1513;&#1500; &#1491;&#1500;&#1511;&#1514; &#1508;&#1496;&#1512;&#1497;&#1497;&#1514;&#1497;&#1514; &#1489;&#1493;&#1493;&#1513;&#1496; (Candida esophagitis), &#1493;&#1497;&#1493;&#1514;&#1512; &#1502;&#1508;&#1497; 3 &#1513;&#1500; &#1502;&#1495;&#1500;&#1492; &#1491;&#1500;&#1511;&#1514;&#1497;&#1514; &#1489;&#1488;&#1490;&#1503;.</p><p>&#1495;&#1513;&#1493;&#1489; &#1500;&#1492;&#1489;&#1497;&#1503;: &#1492;&#1506;&#1500;&#1497;&#1497;&#1492; &#1489;&#1505;&#1497;&#1499;&#1493;&#1503; &#1500;&#1488; &#1492;&#1497;&#1497;&#1514;&#1492; &#1502;&#1493;&#1490;&#1489;&#1500;&#1514; &#1500;&#1505;&#1493;&#1490; &#1488;&#1495;&#1491; &#1513;&#1500; &#1502;&#1494;&#1492;&#1501;. &#1492;&#1497;&#1488; &#1492;&#1493;&#1508;&#1497;&#1506;&#1492; &#1489;&#1494;&#1497;&#1492;&#1493;&#1502;&#1497;&#1501; &#1493;&#1497;&#1512;&#1488;&#1500;&#1497;&#1497;&#1501;, &#1495;&#1497;&#1497;&#1491;&#1511;&#1497;&#1497;&#1501;, &#1508;&#1496;&#1512;&#1497;&#1497;&#1514;&#1497;&#1497;&#1501; &#1493;&#1488;&#1508;&#1497;&#1500;&#1493; &#1496;&#1508;&#1497;&#1500;&#1497;&#1497;&#1501;. &#1492;&#1491;&#1489;&#1512; &#1502;&#1512;&#1502;&#1494; &#1506;&#1500; &#1491;&#1508;&#1493;&#1505; &#1508;&#1497;&#1494;&#1497;&#1493;&#1500;&#1493;&#1490;&#1497; &#1512;&#1495;&#1489; &#1497;&#1493;&#1514;&#1512;, &#1493;&#1500;&#1488; &#1506;&#1500; &#1512;&#1490;&#1497;&#1513;&#1493;&#1514; &#1500;&#1508;&#1514;&#1493;&#1490;&#1503; &#1502;&#1505;&#1493;&#1497;&#1501; &#1489;&#1500;&#1489;&#1491;.</p><p>&#1489;&#1504;&#1497;&#1514;&#1493;&#1495;&#1497;&#1501; &#1492;&#1505;&#1496;&#1496;&#1497;&#1505;&#1496;&#1497;&#1497;&#1501; &#1489;&#1493;&#1510;&#1506;&#1492; &#1492;&#1514;&#1488;&#1502;&#1492; &#1500;&#1490;&#1493;&#1512;&#1502;&#1497;&#1501; &#1512;&#1489;&#1497;&#1501; &#1513;&#1506;&#1500;&#1493;&#1500;&#1497;&#1501; &#1500;&#1492;&#1513;&#1508;&#1497;&#1506; &#1506;&#1500; &#1492;&#1514;&#1493;&#1510;&#1488;&#1493;&#1514;, &#1499;&#1493;&#1500;&#1500; &#1490;&#1497;&#1500;, &#1502;&#1497;&#1503;, &#1506;&#1497;&#1513;&#1493;&#1503;, &#1492;&#1513;&#1502;&#1504;&#1492;, &#1502;&#1510;&#1489; &#1505;&#1493;&#1510;&#1497;&#1493;-&#1488;&#1511;&#1493;&#1504;&#1493;&#1502;&#1497; &#1493;&#1502;&#1489;&#1504;&#1492; &#1492;&#1502;&#1506;&#1511;&#1489; &#1492;&#1512;&#1508;&#1493;&#1488;&#1497;. &#1500;&#1502;&#1512;&#1493;&#1514; &#1494;&#1488;&#1514;, &#1492;&#1491;&#1508;&#1493;&#1505; &#1504;&#1513;&#1488;&#1512; &#1506;&#1511;&#1489;&#1497; &#1502;&#1488;&#1493;&#1491; &#1500;&#1488;&#1493;&#1512;&#1498; &#1511;&#1496;&#1490;&#1493;&#1512;&#1497;&#1493;&#1514; &#1512;&#1489;&#1493;&#1514; &#1513;&#1500; &#1502;&#1495;&#1500;&#1493;&#1514; &#1494;&#1497;&#1492;&#1493;&#1502;&#1497;&#1493;&#1514;.</p><p>&#1492;&#1502;&#1502;&#1510;&#1488;&#1497;&#1501; &#1492;&#1488;&#1500;&#1493; &#1502;&#1513;&#1514;&#1500;&#1489;&#1497;&#1501; &#1489;&#1490;&#1493;&#1507; &#1492;&#1493;&#1500;&#1498; &#1493;&#1490;&#1491;&#1500; &#1513;&#1500; &#1512;&#1488;&#1497;&#1493;&#1514; &#1489;&#1497;&#1493;&#1500;&#1493;&#1490;&#1497;&#1493;&#1514; &#1513;&#1502;&#1510;&#1489;&#1497;&#1506;&#1493;&#1514; &#1506;&#1500; &#1499;&#1498; &#1513;&#1508;&#1497;&#1489;&#1512;&#1493;&#1502;&#1497;&#1488;&#1500;&#1490;&#1497;&#1492; &#1506;&#1513;&#1493;&#1497;&#1492; &#1500;&#1492;&#1497;&#1493;&#1514; &#1511;&#1513;&#1493;&#1512;&#1492; &#1500;&#1492;&#1508;&#1512;&#1506;&#1493;&#1514; &#1489;&#1502;&#1506;&#1512;&#1499;&#1514; &#1492;&#1495;&#1497;&#1505;&#1493;&#1503; &#1493;&#1492;&#1491;&#1500;&#1511;&#1514;, &#1499;&#1493;&#1500;&#1500;:</p><ul><li><p>&#1513;&#1497;&#1504;&#1493;&#1497;&#1497;&#1501; &#1489;&#1510;&#1497;&#1496;&#1493;&#1511;&#1497;&#1504;&#1497;&#1501; (&#1495;&#1500;&#1489;&#1493;&#1504;&#1497; &#1514;&#1511;&#1513;&#1493;&#1512;&#1514; &#1513;&#1500; &#1502;&#1506;&#1512;&#1499;&#1514; &#1492;&#1495;&#1497;&#1505;&#1493;&#1503;)</p></li><li><p>&#1491;&#1500;&#1511;&#1514; &#1489;&#1502;&#1506;&#1512;&#1499;&#1514; &#1492;&#1506;&#1510;&#1489;&#1497;&#1501;</p></li><li><p>&#1492;&#1508;&#1512;&#1506;&#1493;&#1514; &#1489;&#1488;&#1497;&#1514;&#1493;&#1514; &#1495;&#1497;&#1505;&#1493;&#1504;&#1497;</p></li><li><p>&#1492;&#1508;&#1512;&#1506;&#1493;&#1514; &#1504;&#1513;&#1497;&#1502;&#1492;</p></li><li><p>&#1513;&#1497;&#1489;&#1493;&#1513;&#1497;&#1501; &#1489;&#1502;&#1506;&#1512;&#1499;&#1514; &#1492;&#1506;&#1510;&#1489;&#1497;&#1501; &#1492;&#1488;&#1493;&#1496;&#1493;&#1504;&#1493;&#1502;&#1497;&#1514;</p></li><li><p>&#1493;&#1513;&#1497;&#1504;&#1493;&#1497;&#1497;&#1501; &#1489;&#1512;&#1502;&#1493;&#1514; &#1504;&#1493;&#1490;&#1491;&#1504;&#1497;&#1501; &#1489;&#1491;&#1501;</p></li></ul><p>&#1493;&#1492;&#1494;&#1497;&#1492;&#1493;&#1502;&#1497;&#1501; &#1492;&#1501; &#1500;&#1488; &#1492;&#1502;&#1502;&#1510;&#1488; &#1492;&#1497;&#1495;&#1497;&#1491;.</p><p>&#1489;&#1502;&#1505;&#1508;&#1512; &#1502;&#1495;&#1511;&#1512;&#1497;&#1501; &#1488;&#1512;&#1510;&#1497;&#1497;&#1501; &#1504;&#1493;&#1505;&#1508;&#1497;&#1501; &#1502;&#1510;&#1488;&#1504;&#1493; &#1488;&#1510;&#1500; &#1495;&#1493;&#1500;&#1497; &#1508;&#1497;&#1489;&#1512;&#1493;&#1502;&#1497;&#1488;&#1500;&#1490;&#1497;&#1492; &#1490;&#1501; &#1513;&#1497;&#1506;&#1493;&#1512;&#1497;&#1501; &#1502;&#1493;&#1490;&#1489;&#1512;&#1497;&#1501; &#1513;&#1500;:</p><ul><li><p>&#1502;&#1495;&#1500;&#1493;&#1514; &#1488;&#1500;&#1512;&#1490;&#1497;&#1493;&#1514;</p></li><li><p>&#1492;&#1508;&#1512;&#1506;&#1493;&#1514; &#1488;&#1504;&#1491;&#1493;&#1511;&#1512;&#1497;&#1504;&#1497;&#1493;&#1514; (&#1492;&#1493;&#1512;&#1502;&#1493;&#1504;&#1500;&#1497;&#1493;&#1514;)</p></li><li><p>&#1492;&#1508;&#1512;&#1506;&#1493;&#1514; &#1489;&#1499;&#1508;&#1493;&#1514; &#1492;&#1497;&#1491;&#1497;&#1497;&#1501;</p></li><li><p>&#1492;&#1508;&#1512;&#1506;&#1493;&#1514; &#1488;&#1497;&#1513;&#1497;&#1493;&#1514;</p></li><li><p>&#1493;&#1491;&#1508;&#1493;&#1505;&#1497;&#1501; &#1488;&#1493;&#1512;&#1514;&#1493;&#1508;&#1491;&#1497;&#1497;&#1501; &#1497;&#1497;&#1495;&#1493;&#1491;&#1497;&#1497;&#1501;</p></li></ul><p>&#1499;&#1488;&#1513;&#1512; &#1502;&#1505;&#1514;&#1499;&#1500;&#1497;&#1501; &#1506;&#1500; &#1499;&#1500; &#1492;&#1514;&#1502;&#1493;&#1504;&#1492; &#1497;&#1495;&#1491;, &#1506;&#1493;&#1500;&#1492; &#1492;&#1488;&#1508;&#1513;&#1512;&#1493;&#1514; &#1513;&#1508;&#1497;&#1489;&#1512;&#1493;&#1502;&#1497;&#1488;&#1500;&#1490;&#1497;&#1492; &#1488;&#1497;&#1504;&#1492; &#1512;&#1511; &#8220;&#1502;&#1495;&#1500;&#1514; &#1499;&#1488;&#1489;&#8221;, &#1488;&#1500;&#1488; &#1502;&#1510;&#1489; &#1502;&#1493;&#1512;&#1499;&#1489; &#1492;&#1502;&#1506;&#1512;&#1489; &#1488;&#1497;&#1504;&#1496;&#1512;&#1488;&#1511;&#1510;&#1497;&#1493;&#1514; &#1489;&#1497;&#1503; &#1502;&#1506;&#1512;&#1499;&#1514; &#1492;&#1506;&#1510;&#1489;&#1497;&#1501;, &#1502;&#1506;&#1512;&#1499;&#1514; &#1492;&#1495;&#1497;&#1505;&#1493;&#1503;, 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&#1489;&#1489;&#1491;&#1497;&#1511;&#1514; &#1491;&#1501; &#1489;&#1493;&#1491;&#1491;&#1514; &#1488;&#1493; &#1489;&#1502;&#1505;&#1500;&#1493;&#1500; &#1489;&#1497;&#1493;&#1500;&#1493;&#1490;&#1497; &#1497;&#1495;&#1497;&#1491;, &#1502;&#1488;&#1490;&#1512;&#1497; &#1502;&#1497;&#1491;&#1506; &#1512;&#1508;&#1493;&#1488;&#1497;&#1497;&#1501; &#1488;&#1512;&#1493;&#1499;&#1497; &#1496;&#1493;&#1493;&#1495; &#1502;&#1488;&#1508;&#1513;&#1512;&#1497;&#1501; &#1500;&#1495;&#1493;&#1511;&#1512;&#1497;&#1501; &#1500;&#1512;&#1488;&#1493;&#1514; &#1499;&#1497;&#1510;&#1491; &#1502;&#1495;&#1500;&#1493;&#1514; &#8220;&#1502;&#1514;&#1511;&#1489;&#1510;&#1493;&#1514;&#8221; &#1489;&#1488;&#1493;&#1499;&#1500;&#1493;&#1505;&#1497;&#1497;&#1492; &#1500;&#1488;&#1493;&#1512;&#1498; &#1513;&#1504;&#1497;&#1501;:</p><ul><li><p>&#1488;&#1497;&#1500;&#1493; &#1494;&#1497;&#1492;&#1493;&#1502;&#1497;&#1501; &#1502;&#1493;&#1508;&#1497;&#1506;&#1497;&#1501; &#1489;&#1514;&#1491;&#1497;&#1512;&#1493;&#1514; &#1490;&#1489;&#1493;&#1492;&#1492; &#1497;&#1493;&#1514;&#1512;</p></li><li><p>&#1488;&#1497;&#1500;&#1493; &#1502;&#1495;&#1500;&#1493;&#1514; &#1504;&#1493;&#1496;&#1493;&#1514; &#1500;&#1492;&#1493;&#1508;&#1497;&#1506; &#1497;&#1495;&#1491;</p></li><li><p>&#1488;&#1497;&#1500;&#1493; &#1514;&#1505;&#1502;&#1497;&#1504;&#1497;&#1501; &#1502;&#1493;&#1508;&#1497;&#1506;&#1497;&#1501; &#1506;&#1493;&#1491; &#1500;&#1508;&#1504;&#1497; &#1492;&#1488;&#1489;&#1495;&#1504;&#1492;</p></li><li><p>&#1493;&#1499;&#1497;&#1510;&#1491; &#1502;&#1506;&#1512;&#1499;&#1493;&#1514; &#1513;&#1493;&#1504;&#1493;&#1514; &#1489;&#1490;&#1493;&#1507; &#1502;&#1513;&#1508;&#1497;&#1506;&#1493;&#1514; &#1494;&#1493; &#1506;&#1500; &#1494;&#1493; &#1500;&#1488;&#1493;&#1512;&#1498; &#1494;&#1502;&#1503;</p></li></ul><p>&#1493;&#1492;&#1500;&#1511;&#1495; &#1492;&#1512;&#1495;&#1489; &#1497;&#1493;&#1514;&#1512; &#1495;&#1493;&#1512;&#1490; &#1492;&#1512;&#1489;&#1492; &#1502;&#1506;&#1489;&#1512; &#1500;&#1508;&#1497;&#1489;&#1512;&#1493;&#1502;&#1497;&#1488;&#1500;&#1490;&#1497;&#1492; &#1506;&#1510;&#1502;&#1492;.</p><p>&#1497;&#1497;&#1514;&#1499;&#1503; &#1513;&#1502;&#1495;&#1500;&#1493;&#1514; &#1512;&#1489;&#1493;&#1514; &#1513;&#1506;&#1491;&#1497;&#1497;&#1503; &#1488;&#1497;&#1504;&#1504;&#1493; &#1502;&#1489;&#1497;&#1504;&#1497;&#1501; &#1492;&#1497;&#1496;&#1489; &#1488;&#1497;&#1504;&#1503; &#1504;&#1490;&#1512;&#1502;&#1493;&#1514; &#1502;&#1502;&#1504;&#1490;&#1504;&#1493;&#1503; &#1497;&#1495;&#1497;&#1491;, &#1488;&#1500;&#1488; &#1502;&#1513;&#1497;&#1500;&#1493;&#1489; &#1502;&#1493;&#1512;&#1499;&#1489; &#1513;&#1500; &#1502;&#1505;&#1508;&#1512; &#1502;&#1506;&#1512;&#1499;&#1493;&#1514; &#1489;&#1497;&#1493;&#1500;&#1493;&#1490;&#1497;&#1493;&#1514; &#1513;&#1493;&#1504;&#1493;&#1514;.</p><p>&#1504;&#1514;&#1493;&#1504;&#1497; &#1489;&#1512;&#1497;&#1488;&#1493;&#1514; &#1488;&#1504;&#1493;&#1513;&#1497;&#1497;&#1501; &#1489;&#1511;&#1504;&#1492; &#1502;&#1497;&#1491;&#1492; &#1506;&#1510;&#1493;&#1501; &#1506;&#1513;&#1493;&#1497;&#1497;&#1501; &#1500;&#1505;&#1508;&#1511; &#1491;&#1512;&#1498; &#1495;&#1491;&#1513;&#1492; &#1500;&#1495;&#1511;&#1493;&#1512; &#1502;&#1495;&#1500;&#1493;&#1514; &#1499;&#1488;&#1500;&#1492;.</p><p>&#1500;&#1508;&#1506;&#1502;&#1497;&#1501; &#1492;&#1489;&#1497;&#1493;&#1500;&#1493;&#1490;&#1497;&#1492; &#1504;&#1506;&#1513;&#1497;&#1514; &#1490;&#1500;&#1493;&#1497;&#1492; &#1500;&#1506;&#1497;&#1503; &#1512;&#1511; &#1499;&#1488;&#1513;&#1512; &#1502;&#1504;&#1514;&#1495;&#1497;&#1501; &#1497;&#1495;&#1491; &#1502;&#1497;&#1500;&#1497;&#1493;&#1504;&#1497; &#1512;&#1513;&#1493;&#1502;&#1493;&#1514; &#1512;&#1508;&#1493;&#1488;&#1497;&#1493;&#1514;.</p><p></p><p style="text-align: right;"><strong>References:</strong></p><ol><li><p style="text-align: right;">Increased Rates of Infectious Diseases in Fibromyalgia Patients: A Population-Based Case-Control Study.<br>Vinker-Shuster M, Magen E, Green I, Merzon E, Golan-Cohen A, Israel A.<br>Biomedicines 2024 Dec 12;12(12):2821.<br><a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9059/12/12/2821">doi:10.3390/biomedicines12122821.</a></p></li><li><p style="text-align: justify;">Allergic Comorbidities in Fibromyalgia.<br>Magen E, Merzon E, Green I, Magen I, Golan-Cohen A, Vinker S, Israel A.<br>Allergy Asthma Proc. 2025 Mar 1;46(2).<br><a href="https://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/ocean/aap/2025/00000046/00000002/art00002;jsessionid=6612t9ktv4fea.x-ic-live-02">doi:10.2500/aap.2025.46.240080.</a></p></li><li><p style="text-align: right;">Fibromyalgia and Hand Diseases: A Case-Control Study.<br>Magen E, Aamar S, Feldman V, Magen I, Merzon E, Israel A.<br>J Hand Ther. 2025 Sep 23(25)00115-2.<br><a href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0894-1130(25)00115-2">doi:10.1016/j.jht.2025.07.003.</a></p></li><li><p style="text-align: right;">Endocrine Comorbidities in Fibromyalgia.<br>Magen E, Tolkin L, Aamar S, Magen I, Merzon E, Green I, Golan-Cohen A, Vinker S, Israel A.<br>Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2026 Apr;104(4):386-393.<br><a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/cen.70063">doi:10.1111/cen.70063.</a></p></li><li><p style="text-align: right;">Personality Disorders in Patients with Fibromyalgia.<br>Magen E, Geishin A, Weizman A, Magen I, Merzon E, Ashkenazi S, Vinker S, Israel A.<br>J Psychosom Res. 2026 Mar;202:112536.<br><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022399926000206?via%3Dihub">doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2026.112536.</a></p></li></ol><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.arielisrael.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Thanks for reading! Subscribe for free to receive new posts and support my work.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Can Large-Scale Health Data Reveal Hidden Biology in Fibromyalgia?]]></title><description><![CDATA[Exploring the hidden biology of fibromyalgia through large-scale health data]]></description><link>https://www.arielisrael.com/p/can-large-scale-health-data-reveal</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.arielisrael.com/p/can-large-scale-health-data-reveal</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Ariel Israel]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Tue, 26 May 2026 04:30:57 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/501b975e-f7dc-4f71-ab95-b0035e5f1e9e_1731x909.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Fibromyalgia is one of the most poorly understood chronic conditions in medicine.</p><p>Patients experience chronic widespread pain, fatigue, sleep disturbances, cognitive symptoms, headaches, gastrointestinal complaints, and a wide range of other symptoms that can severely impair quality of life. Yet despite affecting millions of people worldwide, the biology underlying fibromyalgia remains poorly understood.</p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.arielisrael.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Thanks for reading! Subscribe for free to receive new posts and support my work.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div><p>For decades, fibromyalgia was often framed primarily as a disorder of pain perception or central sensitization. But large-scale medical data are increasingly revealing that the condition is associated with measurable systemic physiologic abnormalities extending far beyond pain alone.</p><p>Over the past several years, our group has been studying fibromyalgia using nationwide electronic health records, attempting to better characterize the biology and medical comorbidities associated with the disease.</p><p>In one of our recent studies, we examined infectious diseases in more than 9,000 fibromyalgia patients compared to over 46,000 matched controls from a nationwide healthcare system in Israel.</p><p>The findings were striking.</p><p>Fibromyalgia patients showed significantly increased rates of a wide range of infectious diseases, including upper respiratory infections, pneumonia, influenza, sinusitis, urinary tract infections, cellulitis, fungal infections, candidiasis, Helicobacter pylori infection, COVID-19, and cytomegalovirus (CMV) infections.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!88IM!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F602ba853-50b5-4c91-a0c3-d5c9f7ee9198_1564x913.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!88IM!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F602ba853-50b5-4c91-a0c3-d5c9f7ee9198_1564x913.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!88IM!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F602ba853-50b5-4c91-a0c3-d5c9f7ee9198_1564x913.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!88IM!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F602ba853-50b5-4c91-a0c3-d5c9f7ee9198_1564x913.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!88IM!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F602ba853-50b5-4c91-a0c3-d5c9f7ee9198_1564x913.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!88IM!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F602ba853-50b5-4c91-a0c3-d5c9f7ee9198_1564x913.png" width="1456" height="850" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/602ba853-50b5-4c91-a0c3-d5c9f7ee9198_1564x913.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:850,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:275842,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://arielisrael.substack.com/i/199181820?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F602ba853-50b5-4c91-a0c3-d5c9f7ee9198_1564x913.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!88IM!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F602ba853-50b5-4c91-a0c3-d5c9f7ee9198_1564x913.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!88IM!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F602ba853-50b5-4c91-a0c3-d5c9f7ee9198_1564x913.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!88IM!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F602ba853-50b5-4c91-a0c3-d5c9f7ee9198_1564x913.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!88IM!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F602ba853-50b5-4c91-a0c3-d5c9f7ee9198_1564x913.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Notably, Fibromyalgia patients had nearly 8-fold higher rates of candidal esophagitis and more than 3-fold higher rates of pelvic inflammatory disease.</p><p>Importantly, the increased susceptibility extended across viral, bacterial, fungal, and parasitic infections, suggesting a broad physiologic pattern rather than a narrow pathogen-specific effect.</p><p>The analyses controlled for major demographic and lifestyle confounders, including age, sex, smoking, obesity, socioeconomic status, and healthcare follow-up structure. The pattern remained highly consistent across multiple categories of infectious disease.</p><p>These findings align with a growing body of biologic evidence suggesting immune and inflammatory abnormalities in fibromyalgia, including altered cytokine profiles, neuroinflammation, abnormal immune signaling, respiratory dysfunction, autonomic disturbances, and altered immunoglobulin levels.</p><p>The higher rate of infection is not an isolated signal.</p><p>Across multiple nationwide studies, we observed increased rates of allergic diseases, endocrine abnormalities, hand disorders, personality disorders, and distinctive orthopedic patterns in fibromyalgia patients. </p><p>Taken together, these findings suggest that fibromyalgia may involve complex interactions between the nervous system, immune system, endocrine system, inflammation, and behavior.</p><p>Large-scale electronic health records are uniquely suited for revealing these kinds of hidden biologic patterns.</p><p>Unlike traditional studies focused on isolated laboratory markers or single biologic pathways, nationwide longitudinal medical databases allow researchers to observe how diseases cluster across entire populations over many years:</p><ul><li><p>which infections occur more frequently,</p></li><li><p>which diseases co-occur,</p></li><li><p>which symptoms precede diagnosis,</p></li><li><p>and how different physiologic systems interact over time.</p></li></ul><p>The broader lesson extends beyond fibromyalgia itself.</p><p>Many medical conditions that remain poorly understood may have causes that span multiple biological systems rather than involve a single mechanism.</p><p>Large-scale human data may provide a new way to study these diseases.</p><p>Sometimes biology becomes visible only when millions of medical records are analyzed together.</p><p></p><p><strong>References:</strong></p><ol><li><p>Increased Rates of Infectious Diseases in Fibromyalgia Patients: A Population-Based Case-Control Study.<br>Vinker-Shuster M, Magen E, Green I, Merzon E, Golan-Cohen A, Israel A.<br>Biomedicines 2024 Dec 12;12(12):2821.<br><a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9059/12/12/2821">doi:10.3390/biomedicines12122821.</a></p></li><li><p>Allergic Comorbidities in Fibromyalgia.<br>Magen E, Merzon E, Green I, Magen I, Golan-Cohen A, Vinker S, Israel A.<br>Allergy Asthma Proc. 2025 Mar 1;46(2).<br><a href="https://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/ocean/aap/2025/00000046/00000002/art00002;jsessionid=6612t9ktv4fea.x-ic-live-02">doi:10.2500/aap.2025.46.240080.</a></p></li><li><p>Fibromyalgia and Hand Diseases: A Case-Control Study.<br>Magen E, Aamar S, Feldman V, Magen I, Merzon E, Israel A.<br>J Hand Ther. 2025 Sep 23(25)00115-2.<br><a href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0894-1130(25)00115-2">doi:10.1016/j.jht.2025.07.003.</a></p></li><li><p>Endocrine Comorbidities in Fibromyalgia.<br>Magen E, Tolkin L, Aamar S, Magen I, Merzon E, Green I, Golan-Cohen A, Vinker S, Israel A.<br>Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2026 Apr;104(4):386-393.<br><a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/cen.70063">doi:10.1111/cen.70063.</a></p></li><li><p>Personality Disorders in Patients with Fibromyalgia.<br>Magen E, Geishin A, Weizman A, Magen I, Merzon E, Ashkenazi S, Vinker S, Israel A.<br>J Psychosom Res. 2026 Mar;202:112536.<br><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022399926000206?via%3Dihub">doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2026.112536.</a></p></li></ol><p></p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.arielisrael.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Thanks for reading! Subscribe for free to receive new posts and support my work.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Can Childhood Fever Affect Brain Development?]]></title><description><![CDATA[What large-scale health data reveal about ADHD]]></description><link>https://www.arielisrael.com/p/can-childhood-fever-affect-brain</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.arielisrael.com/p/can-childhood-fever-affect-brain</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Ariel Israel]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Mon, 25 May 2026 08:06:23 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/e9bdca9e-0589-456b-840f-c3043d589568_1731x909.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>For centuries, fever was one of the defining experiences of childhood.</p><p>Before antibiotics, before vaccines, and before modern pediatrics, repeated febrile illnesses were simply considered part of growing up. Parents expected them. Physicians reassured families about them. Most children recovered completely and moved on.</p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.arielisrael.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Thanks for reading! Subscribe for free to receive new posts and support my work.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div><p>Even today, fever remains one of the most common reasons children are brought to clinics around the world.</p><p>But what if repeated inflammatory stress during early childhood leaves subtle long-term effects on brain development?</p><p>And what if those effects only become visible decades later - not in a laboratory experiment, but through the careful analysis of large human health datasets?</p><p>That was the question behind one of our recent studies examining the relationship between repeated childhood febrile episodes and the later development of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD).</p><p>ADHD is often discussed primarily in genetic or behavioral terms. Genetics unquestionably plays a major role. Family studies consistently show strong heritability, and many genes affecting neurodevelopment contribute to risk.</p><p>But genetics rarely acts alone.</p><p>Modern epidemiology increasingly suggests that early environmental exposures,  particularly those involving inflammation, immune activation, infection, or physiologic stress during critical periods of brain development, may also influence long-term neurodevelopmental outcomes.</p><p>The challenge is that these effects are often subtle.</p><p>No single fever episode causes ADHD.</p><p>No single infection determines a child&#8217;s future.</p><p>But across hundreds of thousands of children, patterns sometimes emerge.</p><p>And that is where large-scale population data becomes scientifically powerful.</p><p>In our study, we analyzed medical records from Leumit Health Services (LHS) in Israel, examining more than 18,000 children diagnosed with ADHD and over 37,000 carefully matched controls without ADHD. The groups were matched by age, sex, socioeconomic status, ethnicity, geographic region, and duration of medical follow-up.</p><p>Rather than relying on parental memory, we examined objectively measured temperatures recorded during physician visits during the first four years of life.</p><p>This distinction matters.</p><p>Human memory is imperfect. Parents of children later diagnosed with ADHD might understandably remember childhood illnesses differently. Epidemiologic studies often struggle with this type of recall bias.</p><p>But electronic medical records allow something different:<br>they allow researchers to examine measurements that were recorded years before anyone knew which children would later develop ADHD.</p><p>That is one of the quiet revolutions of modern epidemiology.</p><p>When we analyzed the data, a striking pattern appeared.</p><p>Children who experienced more recorded febrile episodes during early childhood had higher rates of later ADHD diagnosis.</p><p>More importantly, the relationship followed a dose-response pattern.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!OVrf!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F71e52652-7de6-4078-9c4e-e895261ff99d_1250x737.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!OVrf!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F71e52652-7de6-4078-9c4e-e895261ff99d_1250x737.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!OVrf!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F71e52652-7de6-4078-9c4e-e895261ff99d_1250x737.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!OVrf!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F71e52652-7de6-4078-9c4e-e895261ff99d_1250x737.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!OVrf!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F71e52652-7de6-4078-9c4e-e895261ff99d_1250x737.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!OVrf!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F71e52652-7de6-4078-9c4e-e895261ff99d_1250x737.png" width="1250" height="737" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/71e52652-7de6-4078-9c4e-e895261ff99d_1250x737.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:737,&quot;width&quot;:1250,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:339474,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://arielisrael.substack.com/i/199158604?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F71e52652-7de6-4078-9c4e-e895261ff99d_1250x737.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!OVrf!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F71e52652-7de6-4078-9c4e-e895261ff99d_1250x737.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!OVrf!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F71e52652-7de6-4078-9c4e-e895261ff99d_1250x737.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!OVrf!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F71e52652-7de6-4078-9c4e-e895261ff99d_1250x737.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!OVrf!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F71e52652-7de6-4078-9c4e-e895261ff99d_1250x737.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>The higher the fever, and the more frequently high fevers occurred, the stronger the association became.</p><p>Children with no recorded fever episodes above 37.5&#176;C during early childhood had significantly lower ADHD rates.</p><p>Meanwhile, children with repeated high fevers - especially temperatures above 39.5&#176;C occurring on multiple days - showed substantially higher odds of later ADHD diagnosis.</p><p>Dose-response relationships are particularly interesting in epidemiology.</p><p>When risk gradually increases alongside the intensity or frequency of an exposure, researchers pay attention, because such patterns are often indicative of a causal relationship, linking cause and effect.</p><p>Why might this occur?</p><p>There are several possibilities.</p><p>One possibility is direct inflammatory effects on the developing brain.</p><p>Early childhood is an extraordinary period of neurologic development. During the first years of life, the brain undergoes rapid synapse formation, white matter maturation, and organization of neural circuits involved in attention, executive function, and emotional regulation.</p><p>Inflammatory processes occurring repeatedly during this developmental window could theoretically influence these pathways.</p><p>Fever itself is not merely &#8220;high temperature.&#8221;</p><p>It is part of a coordinated immune response involving cytokines, prostaglandins, vascular signaling, and activation of inflammatory pathways throughout the body.</p><p>Our findings also fit within a broader and growing body of research linking infection, inflammation, and immune activation to later neuropsychiatric outcomes. Other studies, many by our group, have associated maternal fever during pregnancy, childhood infections, and immune system conditions such as G6PD deficiency and IgA deficiency with ADHD and other psychiatric disorders.</p><p>What makes this field particularly fascinating is that it sits at the intersection of neurology, immunology, developmental biology, and epidemiology.</p><p>For decades, medicine often treated the brain and immune system as largely separate domains.</p><p>That view is increasingly difficult to maintain.</p><p>Modern research increasingly shows that immune signaling, inflammation, microbiology, and neurodevelopment are deeply interconnected.</p><p>The brain does not exist in isolation from the body.</p><p>Large-scale health data help unravel just how interconnected these systems may be.</p><p>When millions of longitudinal medical records are analyzed together, hidden patterns begin to emerge across systems and across time.</p><p>Ordinary childhood illnesses may influence adult health.<br>Immune activation may shape neurodevelopment.<br>Early-life biology may leave long shadows.</p><p>And many of these relationships only become visible when researchers are willing to follow the data carefully, cautiously, and honestly - even when the findings challenge older assumptions.</p><p>That, ultimately, is one of the most important roles of modern epidemiology: to help us notice the patterns that human intuition alone would never see.<br><br><strong>References:</strong></p><ol><li><p>The Association Between Repeated Measured Febrile Episodes During Early Childhood and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A Large-Scale Population-Based Study.</p><p>Israel A, Merzon E, Krone B, Faraone SV, Green I, Golan Cohen A, Vinker S, Cohen S, Ashkenazi S, Magen E, Weizman A, Manor I.<br><strong>The Journal of Attention Disorders</strong> 2024 Mar;28(5):677-685.</p><p><a href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/10870547231215289">doi:10.1177/10870547231215289</a>.</p></li><li><p>Increased Prevalence of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in Individuals with Selective Immunoglobulin A Deficiency: A Nationwide Case-Control Study.</p><p>Merzon E, Farag R, Ashkenazi S, Magen E, Manor I, Weizman A, Green I, Golan-Cohen A, Genshin A, Vinker S, Israel A.<strong><br>Journal of Clinical Medicine 2024</strong> Oct 12;13(20):6075.<br><a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/13/20/6075">doi:10.3390/jcm13206075.</a></p></li></ol><p></p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.arielisrael.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Thanks for reading! Subscribe for free to receive new posts and support my work.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Do Protein Pump Inhibitors Increase Cancer Risk?]]></title><description><![CDATA[How proper analysis of electronic medical records can help disentangle medication effects from symptom-driven treatment decisions.]]></description><link>https://www.arielisrael.com/p/do-protein-pump-inhibitors-increase</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.arielisrael.com/p/do-protein-pump-inhibitors-increase</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Ariel Israel]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sun, 24 May 2026 16:56:52 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/bf6770c2-b5f9-4171-9ea7-265d776eef75_1729x910.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>A patient comes to the clinic with upper abdominal discomfort: reflux, burning, indigestion, nausea, pain after eating.</p><p>Modern medicine provides highly effective medications for relieving these symptoms: proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), which are medications that suppress gastric acid secretion (omeprazole, lansoprazole, and esomeprazole...).</p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.arielisrael.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Thanks for reading! Subscribe for free to receive new posts and support my work.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div><p>Over the past decade, however, a growing number of observational studies have reported that upper gastrointestinal cancers, including stomach and esophageal cancers, are substantially more common among long-term PPI users.</p><p>Such a risk is biologically plausible and should not be dismissed lightly. Chronic acid suppression can alter stomach physiology, increase gastrin levels, and change the gastric microbiome in ways that could potentially increase cancer risk.</p><p>This creates a real dilemma for treating physicians. Should they prescribe medications that effectively relieve patients&#8217; symptoms, or avoid a treatment that could contribute to future cancer risk?</p><p>To answer this question properly, it is crucial to separate the effects associated with PPI use from the symptoms and underlying conditions for which these medications are prescribed.</p><p>Upper gastrointestinal cancers often begin with vague symptoms such as reflux, gastritis, abdominal pain, nausea, and indigestion, precisely the symptoms for which PPIs are prescribed. This creates a major epidemiologic challenge known as <em>reverse causation</em>, where medications may appear associated with cancer, not because they cause cancer, but because underlying pathologic processes caused the symptoms that led to the treatment.</p><p>Notably, patients receiving PPIs have higher prevalence of gastrointestinal disease, smoking, alcohol exposure, obesity, and <em>Helicobacter pylori </em>infection, all of which may independently contribute to cancer risk.</p><p>So how can we separate the effect of the medication from the effect of the symptoms and diseases that caused patients to take the medications?</p><p>To address this question, we analyzed longitudinal electronic health records from our health system, identifying 875 patients diagnosed with upper gastrointestinal cancers during the last two decades and matching them to 8,750 similar control individuals who had not been diagnosed with cancer.</p><p>When we initially examined PPI exposure through pharmacy records during the 5 years preceding diagnosis, we were able to reproduce the concerning associations reported by earlier studies. Patients exposed to the major classes of PPIs had substantially higher rates of upper gastrointestinal cancer, with stronger associations observed for medication with more effective acid suppression: approximately a 2.4-fold increase for omeprazole and a 4-fold increase for esomeprazole.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dYVI!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc59afad6-93f8-4863-89d8-e4d31b10b84c_863x278.emf" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dYVI!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc59afad6-93f8-4863-89d8-e4d31b10b84c_863x278.emf 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dYVI!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc59afad6-93f8-4863-89d8-e4d31b10b84c_863x278.emf 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dYVI!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc59afad6-93f8-4863-89d8-e4d31b10b84c_863x278.emf 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dYVI!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc59afad6-93f8-4863-89d8-e4d31b10b84c_863x278.emf 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dYVI!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc59afad6-93f8-4863-89d8-e4d31b10b84c_863x278.emf" width="863" height="278" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/c59afad6-93f8-4863-89d8-e4d31b10b84c_863x278.emf&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:278,&quot;width&quot;:863,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dYVI!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc59afad6-93f8-4863-89d8-e4d31b10b84c_863x278.emf 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dYVI!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc59afad6-93f8-4863-89d8-e4d31b10b84c_863x278.emf 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dYVI!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc59afad6-93f8-4863-89d8-e4d31b10b84c_863x278.emf 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dYVI!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc59afad6-93f8-4863-89d8-e4d31b10b84c_863x278.emf 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>But then we performed a more refined analysis.</p><p>Instead of analyzing the entire 5-year exposure period as a single variable, we divided the years preceding diagnosis into multiple smaller intervals and incorporated them simultaneously into a multivariable regression model.</p><p>This approach allows to estimate the independent contribution of medication exposure during each specific time window</p><p>The results revealed a striking temporal pattern.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lXOI!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F70df0bb1-93f4-463d-9fd8-7578b0ca42ad_864x654.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lXOI!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F70df0bb1-93f4-463d-9fd8-7578b0ca42ad_864x654.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lXOI!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F70df0bb1-93f4-463d-9fd8-7578b0ca42ad_864x654.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lXOI!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F70df0bb1-93f4-463d-9fd8-7578b0ca42ad_864x654.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lXOI!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F70df0bb1-93f4-463d-9fd8-7578b0ca42ad_864x654.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lXOI!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F70df0bb1-93f4-463d-9fd8-7578b0ca42ad_864x654.png" width="864" height="654" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/70df0bb1-93f4-463d-9fd8-7578b0ca42ad_864x654.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:654,&quot;width&quot;:864,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lXOI!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F70df0bb1-93f4-463d-9fd8-7578b0ca42ad_864x654.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lXOI!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F70df0bb1-93f4-463d-9fd8-7578b0ca42ad_864x654.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lXOI!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F70df0bb1-93f4-463d-9fd8-7578b0ca42ad_864x654.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lXOI!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F70df0bb1-93f4-463d-9fd8-7578b0ca42ad_864x654.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>The strongest apparent associations between PPIs and cancer occurred immediately before diagnosis, precisely during the period when early cancers are most likely to produce severe symptoms for which patients take treatment.</p><p>For example:</p><ul><li><p>esomeprazole exposure during the final months before diagnosis was associated with a 7.7-fold increase in risk,</p></li><li><p>omeprazole exposure with a 3.8-fold increase,</p></li><li><p>lansoprazole exposure with a 3.5-fold increase.</p></li></ul><p>However, when exposure occurred further from diagnosis, the signal changed dramatically. Exposure occurring 1-2 years, 2-3 years, and especially 3-10 years before diagnosis shifted toward neutral or even reduced risk. If PPIs were truly driving cancer development, one would expect longer and earlier exposure to be associated with progressively higher risk.</p><p>The pattern became even clearer after integrating gastrointestinal diagnoses into the analysis.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!bTxm!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F98e68c92-24e8-48ca-9606-41f18b6b1091_863x533.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!bTxm!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F98e68c92-24e8-48ca-9606-41f18b6b1091_863x533.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!bTxm!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F98e68c92-24e8-48ca-9606-41f18b6b1091_863x533.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!bTxm!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F98e68c92-24e8-48ca-9606-41f18b6b1091_863x533.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!bTxm!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F98e68c92-24e8-48ca-9606-41f18b6b1091_863x533.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!bTxm!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F98e68c92-24e8-48ca-9606-41f18b6b1091_863x533.png" width="863" height="533" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/98e68c92-24e8-48ca-9606-41f18b6b1091_863x533.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:533,&quot;width&quot;:863,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!bTxm!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F98e68c92-24e8-48ca-9606-41f18b6b1091_863x533.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!bTxm!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F98e68c92-24e8-48ca-9606-41f18b6b1091_863x533.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!bTxm!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F98e68c92-24e8-48ca-9606-41f18b6b1091_863x533.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!bTxm!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F98e68c92-24e8-48ca-9606-41f18b6b1091_863x533.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>The strongest associations with future cancer risk were not linked to the medications themselves, but to the clinical conditions for which the medications were prescribed: peptic ulcer disease, abdominal pain, Gastro-esophageal reflux disease (GERD), gastritis, alcohol use, and Helicobacter pylori infection.</p><p>Moreover, once we excluded the periods immediately preceding diagnosis (where medication exposure is most likely to reflect new onset of symptoms), PPI exposure was no longer associated with increased cancer risk, and was instead associated with reduced risk.</p><p>These findings suggest that much of the alarming associations reported in earlier observational studies reflected symptoms experienced by patients who took these medications rather than harmful effects of the medications themselves. In fact, by reducing excess acidity and chronic inflammation, these medications may even reduce long-term cancer risk by limiting chronic tissue damage.</p><p>The broader lesson extends beyond PPIs. Large healthcare databases are powerful scientific tools, but interpreting them correctly requires careful attention to timing, disease progression, clinical context, and epidemiologic bias.</p><p>Using appropriate methodology, our study provides reassuring evidence that appropriately used PPIs are unlikely to be major long-term drivers of upper gastrointestinal cancer risk.</p><p>At the same time, the findings contain an important clinical warning: physicians should not ignore persistent or newly appearing upper gastrointestinal symptoms simply because acid suppression relieves them.</p><p>Sometimes the medication is not the danger.</p><p>Sometimes the symptoms themselves are a signal that should not be ignored.<br></p><p><strong>References:</strong></p><ol><li><p>Association between proton pump inhibitor use and upper gastrointestinal cancer: A matched case-control study accounting for reverse causation and confounding by indication. </p><p>Sawaid IO, Din Z, Golan E, Ruppin E, Golan-Cohen A, Green I, Merzon E, Vinker S, Samson AO, Israel A. <br><strong>PLoS Medicine</strong> 2026;23(1).<br><a href="https://journals.plos.org/plosmedicine/article?id=10.1371/journal.pmed.1004842">doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1004842</a></p></li><li><p>Context matters: Causality and global epidemiology of proton pump inhibitor safety.</p><p>Okabayashi S, Kaplan GG. </p><p><strong>PLoS Medicine</strong> 2026;23(1).<br> <a href="https://journals.plos.org/plosmedicine/article?id=10.1371/journal.pmed.1004862">doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1004862</a><br></p></li></ol><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.arielisrael.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Thanks for reading! Subscribe for free to receive new posts and support my work.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[The signal we could not ignore]]></title><description><![CDATA[How large-scale health data revealed the unusual dynamics of immunity obtained through mRNA vaccines]]></description><link>https://www.arielisrael.com/p/the-signal-we-could-not-ignore</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.arielisrael.com/p/the-signal-we-could-not-ignore</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Ariel Israel]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sat, 23 May 2026 22:51:01 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/e3d70df0-60c3-4d85-86f9-c01f75ff058a_1731x909.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>In early 2021, Israel became one of the first countries in the world to deploy a nationwide COVID-19 vaccination campaign using the Pfizer-BioNTech mRNA vaccine.</p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.arielisrael.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Thanks for reading! Subscribe for free to receive new posts and support my work.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div><p>After an initial period of lockdowns and overflowing hospitals, the vaccination campaign quickly reduced the rate of new COVID-19 cases and severe disease across the country. Israel quickly became a global model for large-scale vaccination. Restrictions were lifted. Daily life began returning to normal. There was genuine optimism that the pandemic might be ending.</p><p>At the Leumit Research Institute, where we continuously analyze nationwide longitudinal electronic health records, we began tracking the immune response to SARS-CoV-2 in the population.</p><p>The early antibody response following mRNA vaccination was remarkably strong.</p><p>In individuals vaccinated with two doses of the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine, antibody titers often reached levels around 10,000 AU/mL shortly after vaccination, substantially higher than the antibody levels typically observed after natural SARS-CoV-2 infection, which were usually closer to 1,000 AU/mL.</p><p>But when we began examining how antibody levels changed over time, an unexpected pattern emerged.</p><p>The immune response induced by vaccination was not merely declining. It was declining very rapidly.</p><p>Using large-scale longitudinal serologic data from thousands of individuals across Israel, we observed that antibody titers following vaccination decreased by approximately 40% every month. In contrast, antibody levels following natural infection declined much more slowly, by only around 4% per month.</p><p>The difference was striking.</p><p>Although antibody levels following vaccination were initially higher than those observed after natural infection, the decline was so steep that within a few months they fell below those observed following infection.</p><p>The graphs below from our original publication illustrate this phenomenon.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kVO6!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff5e7d269-d66d-4e22-9782-e14228790bef_600x714.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kVO6!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff5e7d269-d66d-4e22-9782-e14228790bef_600x714.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kVO6!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff5e7d269-d66d-4e22-9782-e14228790bef_600x714.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kVO6!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff5e7d269-d66d-4e22-9782-e14228790bef_600x714.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kVO6!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff5e7d269-d66d-4e22-9782-e14228790bef_600x714.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kVO6!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff5e7d269-d66d-4e22-9782-e14228790bef_600x714.png" width="600" height="714" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/f5e7d269-d66d-4e22-9782-e14228790bef_600x714.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:714,&quot;width&quot;:600,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:219768,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://arielisrael.substack.com/i/198998976?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff5e7d269-d66d-4e22-9782-e14228790bef_600x714.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kVO6!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff5e7d269-d66d-4e22-9782-e14228790bef_600x714.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kVO6!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff5e7d269-d66d-4e22-9782-e14228790bef_600x714.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kVO6!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff5e7d269-d66d-4e22-9782-e14228790bef_600x714.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kVO6!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff5e7d269-d66d-4e22-9782-e14228790bef_600x714.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Following vaccination (top), antibody titers began at very high levels but rapidly declined over time. Following natural infection (bottom), antibody levels were lower initially, but remained comparatively stable over many months. Importantly, the vertical scale in these graphs is logarithmic, meaning that each vertical step represents a tenfold decrease in antibody levels.</p><p>At the time, these findings were uncomfortable.</p><p>The immunologic dynamics suggested that although the vaccines initially appeared highly effective at reducing severe disease, the protection they conferred against infection might not remain stable for long.</p><p>Based on the observed rate of antibody decay, we became concerned that within several months, vaccine-induced protection against infection would substantially weaken, leaving vaccinated individuals increasingly susceptible to breakthrough infections.</p><p>And indeed, several months later, breakthrough infections began rising sharply in Israel during the emergence of the so-called Delta wave in the summer of 2021.</p><p>At the time, the dominant explanation was that the Delta variant had evolved mutations that enabled it to evade vaccine-induced immunity, raising concerns that protection against infection might require updated vaccines specifically adapted to the new variant.</p><p>But when we examined nationwide health data, another signal clearly emerged: the risk of infection was strongly associated with the time elapsed since vaccination.</p><p>Individuals vaccinated earlier were substantially more likely to develop breakthrough infections.</p><p>We analyzed RT-PCR results from more than 83,000 adults who had received two vaccine doses. After adjusting for demographic factors and comorbidities, the risk of infection increased progressively with time since vaccination. Individuals vaccinated more than six months earlier had nearly a threefold increased risk of infection compared with recently vaccinated individuals.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!VjmV!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcff2d956-3e0f-4c96-8324-1a9077ddc396_823x562.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!VjmV!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcff2d956-3e0f-4c96-8324-1a9077ddc396_823x562.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!VjmV!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcff2d956-3e0f-4c96-8324-1a9077ddc396_823x562.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!VjmV!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcff2d956-3e0f-4c96-8324-1a9077ddc396_823x562.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!VjmV!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcff2d956-3e0f-4c96-8324-1a9077ddc396_823x562.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!VjmV!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcff2d956-3e0f-4c96-8324-1a9077ddc396_823x562.png" width="823" height="562" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/cff2d956-3e0f-4c96-8324-1a9077ddc396_823x562.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:562,&quot;width&quot;:823,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:67466,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://arielisrael.substack.com/i/198998976?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcff2d956-3e0f-4c96-8324-1a9077ddc396_823x562.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!VjmV!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcff2d956-3e0f-4c96-8324-1a9077ddc396_823x562.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!VjmV!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcff2d956-3e0f-4c96-8324-1a9077ddc396_823x562.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!VjmV!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcff2d956-3e0f-4c96-8324-1a9077ddc396_823x562.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!VjmV!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcff2d956-3e0f-4c96-8324-1a9077ddc396_823x562.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Importantly, this pattern was observed across all age groups.</p><p>At the time, this remained a controversial conclusion.</p><p>The vaccines had initially been viewed as providing relatively durable protection against infection, and the idea that immunity might substantially wane within months was uncomfortable both scientifically and politically.</p><p>Nevertheless, the data were difficult to ignore.</p><p>We rapidly disseminated these findings as a preprint, and the evidence regarding waning immunity contributed to the decision by the Israeli COVID-19 response task force to launch a nationwide booster vaccination campaign, initially targeting elderly and vulnerable individuals.</p><p>The effect of this decision was substantial.</p><p>Individuals who received the booster dose experienced a marked reduction in breakthrough infections and severe disease. The booster campaign was subsequently expanded to the general population in Israel, and similar policies were later adopted internationally.</p><p>Our study was later published in the British Medical Journal (BMJ).</p><p>This experience taught an important lesson about science and public health.</p><p>Scientific evidence is not static, and science should never become dogmatic.</p><p>While early clinical trials provide essential answers, large-scale real-world epidemiology remains indispensable. Population-level health data have the unique ability to reveal biological dynamics that are difficult to detect in controlled trials, especially when trial reports are based on limited follow-up.</p><p>We pragmatically followed vaccination effects at the population level and concluded that although mRNA vaccines substantially reduced severe disease and mortality among elderly and vulnerable individuals, they also had important limitations, including rapidly waning protection against infection among vaccinated individuals.</p><p>Recognizing these limitations early was essential for adapting public-health policy to a changing reality.</p><p>Good science requires the willingness to follow the data without preconceived conclusions, and to report findings honestly, even when the signal is uncomfortable.<br><br><br><strong>References</strong></p><ol><li><p>Large-Scale Study of Antibody Titer Decay following BNT162b2 mRNA Vaccine or SARS-CoV-2 Infection. <br>Israel A, Shenhar Y, Green I, Merzon E, Golan-Cohen A, Sch&#228;ffer AA, Ruppin E, Vinker S, Magen E. <br>Vaccines (Basel). 2021 Dec 31;10(1):64.<br><a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/10/1/64">doi:10.3390/vaccines10010064</a>. </p></li><li><p>Elapsed time since BNT162b2 vaccine and risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection in a large cohort. medRxiv. Posted August 5, 2021. <br>Israel A, Merzon E, Sch&#228;ffer AA, Shenhar Y, Green I, Golan-Cohen A, Ruppin E, Magen E, Vinker S. <br>doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.08.03.21261496">https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.08.03.21261496</a></p></li><li><p>Elapsed time since BNT162b2 vaccine and risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection: test negative design study. <br>Israel A, Merzon E, Sch&#228;ffer AA, Shenhar Y, Green I, Golan-Cohen A, Ruppin E, Magen E, Vinker S. <br>BMJ. 2021 Nov 24;375. <br>doi:<a href="https://www.bmj.com/content/375/bmj-2021-067873">10.1136/bmj-2021-067873</a>.</p></li></ol><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.arielisrael.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Thanks for reading! Subscribe for free to receive new posts and support my work.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[When the Diabetes Lab Test Lies: The Hidden Impact of G6PD Deficiency on Diabetes Care]]></title><description><![CDATA[Why are Black Americans more likely to suffer severe diabetes complications? - Insights from our recent New England Journal of Medicine study]]></description><link>https://www.arielisrael.com/p/the-hidden-inequity-in-diabetes-diagnosis</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.arielisrael.com/p/the-hidden-inequity-in-diabetes-diagnosis</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Ariel Israel]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Thu, 21 May 2026 15:26:24 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/32141960-31a0-4e40-8479-69211eb5626f_1536x910.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Black Americans are nearly twice as likely to develop kidney failure from diabetes and experience substantially higher rates of amputations, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes-related death.</p><p>Most explanations focus on socioeconomic factors and healthcare access.</p><p>But what if part of the problem lies in a laboratory test used millions of times every day?</p><p>What if many Black patients are being told their diabetes is less severe than it really is?</p><p>Have you ever wondered why your continuous glucose monitor seems much worse than your HbA1c? Approximately one in ten Black American men carries G6PD deficiency, one of the most common inherited enzyme deficiencies in the world.</p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.arielisrael.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Thanks for reading! Subscribe for free to receive new posts and support my work.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div><p>Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) testing has become the central test used by doctors to diagnose and manage diabetes treatment. HbA1c measures the percentage of hemoglobin molecules inside red blood cells that become coated with glucose over time. Since red blood cells normally circulate in the bloodstream for approximately three months, HbA1c provides physicians with an estimate of the average blood glucose level over the preceding weeks.</p><p>Doctors use HbA1c constantly:</p><ul><li><p>to diagnose diabetes,</p></li><li><p>to estimate disease severity,</p></li><li><p>to decide whether treatment should be intensified,</p></li><li><p>to monitor long-term glucose control,</p></li><li><p>and in many healthcare systems, to determine eligibility for advanced medications.</p></li></ul><p>But HbA1c depends on something many people do not realize:<br>the lifespan of red blood cells. This means that two patients may have exactly the same HbA1c result, look identical on paper, but biologically, they may be experiencing very different diabetes.</p><p>If red blood cells break down earlier than usual, they have less time to accumulate glucose. HbA1c values may then appear artificially low, even when glucose levels are dangerously elevated.</p><p>One of the most common conditions affecting red blood cell survival is Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency.</p><p>G6PD deficiency is the most common enzymatic deficiency in humans, affecting more than 400 million people worldwide. It is particularly common among individuals of African, Mediterranean, Middle Eastern, and parts of Asian ancestry. In the United States alone, approximately 10% to 14% of Black American men carry G6PD deficiency.</p><p>Yet despite its enormous prevalence, G6PD deficiency remains largely overlooked in diabetes care.</p><p>In our recent studies using nationwide longitudinal electronic health records from Israel, we examined more than two decades of data comparing thousands of individuals with G6PD deficiency to matched controls.</p><p>The findings were striking.</p><p>At the same glucose levels, HbA1c values were substantially lower in patients with G6PD deficiency. A HbA1c value of 6.5%, the standard diagnostic threshold for diabetes, corresponded to fasting glucose levels around 168 mg/dL in men with G6PD deficiency, compared with 126 mg/dL in the general population.</p><p>This means that many patients with significant hyperglycemia may appear substantially less diabetic than they truly are.</p><p>The scatter plots below illustrate this phenomenon.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ePLp!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F368cf516-5e5c-4060-be2a-18aa204a0332_3233x1655.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ePLp!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F368cf516-5e5c-4060-be2a-18aa204a0332_3233x1655.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ePLp!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F368cf516-5e5c-4060-be2a-18aa204a0332_3233x1655.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ePLp!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F368cf516-5e5c-4060-be2a-18aa204a0332_3233x1655.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ePLp!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F368cf516-5e5c-4060-be2a-18aa204a0332_3233x1655.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ePLp!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F368cf516-5e5c-4060-be2a-18aa204a0332_3233x1655.png" width="1456" height="745" 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ePLp!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F368cf516-5e5c-4060-be2a-18aa204a0332_3233x1655.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ePLp!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F368cf516-5e5c-4060-be2a-18aa204a0332_3233x1655.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ePLp!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F368cf516-5e5c-4060-be2a-18aa204a0332_3233x1655.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ePLp!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F368cf516-5e5c-4060-be2a-18aa204a0332_3233x1655.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Each point represents paired glucose and HbA1c measurements obtained from individual patients. The blue regression line represents individuals without G6PD deficiency, while the orange line represents individuals with G6PD deficiency. At every glucose level, HbA1c values in G6PD-deficient individuals are shifted downward.</p><p>The consequences are not subtle. In men with G6PD deficiency, the standard diagnostic HbA1c threshold of 6.5% corresponded to fasting glucose levels of approximately 168 mg/dL, compared with 126 mg/dL in the general population.</p><p>Moreover, the discrepancy becomes even larger as glucose levels rise. Patients with G6PD deficiency may appear well controlled on paper while experiencing a substantially higher glycemic burden in reality.</p><p>For example, an HbA1c value of 7.5%, which is often considered reasonably acceptable in some patients, corresponds to glucose levels of approximately 165 mg/dL in the general population. In contrast, among men with G6PD deficiency, the same HbA1c value corresponds to glucose levels exceeding 210 mg/dL.</p><p>In practical terms, an HbA1c value of 7.5% in a man with G6PD deficiency reflects a degree of hyperglycemia that, in the general population, would typically be associated with HbA1c values approaching 9%.</p><p>In other words, two patients may carry exactly the same HbA1c value while having dramatically different degrees of hyperglycemia.</p><p>The larger effect observed in men is not incidental.</p><p>The G6PD enzyme is encoded on the X chromosome. Because males carry only one X chromosome, a defective G6PD gene usually affects nearly all of their red blood cells, often producing more pronounced biological effects.</p><p>Females, however, carry two X chromosomes. Early during embryonic development, each stem cell randomly &#8220;switches off&#8221; one of the two X chromosomes. As a result, many women become biological mosaics: some of their red blood cells express the normal G6PD gene, while others express the deficient version. This partial &#8220;rescue&#8221; often reduces the severity of the condition in females, although the degree of protection can vary substantially between individuals depending on the proportion of cells expressing each X chromosome.</p><p>This has enormous clinical implications.</p><p>Modern diabetes care increasingly relies on powerful medications such as GLP-1 receptor agonists and SGLT2 inhibitors. These medications not only lower glucose, but also reduce cardiovascular disease, kidney failure, hospitalization, and mortality.</p><p>However, in many healthcare systems, access to these medications depends heavily on HbA1c thresholds.</p><p>If HbA1c systematically underestimates disease severity, patients may be diagnosed later, treatment may be intensified later, and access to newer therapies may be delayed despite objectively elevated glucose levels.</p><p>That is exactly what we observed.</p><p>To study this, we used a statistical approach called survival analysis.</p><p>Despite its name, survival analysis is not limited to mortality studies. It is a method used to analyze how long it takes until a particular event occurs. In our case, the &#8220;event&#8221; was not death, but the initiation of diabetes treatment or the development of severe diabetic complications.</p><p>The Kaplan-Meier curves below show the cumulative probability over time of patients receiving diabetes medications after meeting objective criteria for diabetes based on glucose levels.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!bWYt!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff4089adb-7b07-43e9-a1f1-55964e29f708_826x792.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!bWYt!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff4089adb-7b07-43e9-a1f1-55964e29f708_826x792.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!bWYt!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff4089adb-7b07-43e9-a1f1-55964e29f708_826x792.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!bWYt!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff4089adb-7b07-43e9-a1f1-55964e29f708_826x792.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!bWYt!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff4089adb-7b07-43e9-a1f1-55964e29f708_826x792.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!bWYt!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff4089adb-7b07-43e9-a1f1-55964e29f708_826x792.png" width="826" height="792" 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!bWYt!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff4089adb-7b07-43e9-a1f1-55964e29f708_826x792.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!bWYt!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff4089adb-7b07-43e9-a1f1-55964e29f708_826x792.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!bWYt!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff4089adb-7b07-43e9-a1f1-55964e29f708_826x792.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!bWYt!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff4089adb-7b07-43e9-a1f1-55964e29f708_826x792.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>The curves clearly demonstrate that patients with G6PD deficiency experienced substantial delays in treatment initiation after their fasting blood test first reached daiebetes levels. </p><p>The problem extends beyond individual clinical decisions. Many treatment guidelines and reimbursement policies use HbA1c thresholds to determine eligibility for advanced therapies. When HbA1c systematically underestimates disease severity, structural inequities can emerge even when clinicians follow existing guidelines correctly.<br><br>Patients with G6PD deficiency were significantly less likely to receive the newer classes of diabetes medications - particularly GLP-1 receptor agonists (such as Victoza, Trulicity, and Ozempic) and SGLT2 inhibitors (such as Jardiance and Forxiga) - therapies that have revolutionized our ability to reduce diabetes complications, kidney failure, cardiovascular disease, and mortality.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!t-nR!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc9361d52-509a-429a-9afb-ae99ad5fa741_477x356.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" 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class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>At the same time, these patients experienced markedly higher rates of severe diabetic complications, including kidney disease, cardiovascular complications (myocardial infarction, stroke), and diabetic neuropathy.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!zgX0!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff01b361a-5c2b-47fb-b947-175a693d1336_891x699.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" 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class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Paradoxically, reliance on HbA1c may not only contribute to undertreatment, but potentially worsen the biological dynamics of diabetes itself.</p><p>Some older diabetes medications, particularly sulfonylureas, may increase oxidative stress within red blood cells. In patients with G6PD deficiency, whose red blood cells are already vulnerable to oxidative damage, this may accelerate hemolysis - the breakdown of red blood cells.</p><p>As red blood cells are destroyed more rapidly, HbA1c values may fall even further, creating the illusion of improving diabetes control despite worsening hyperglycemia.</p><p>In other words:<br>the biomarker itself may become progressively misleading precisely in the patients who are at highest risk.</p><p>Importantly, this problem is not limited to one ethnic group or one country.</p><p>Similar effects of G6PD deficiency on HbA1c levels have now been reported in African-American populations and East Asian populations carrying distinct G6PD genetic variants.</p><p>This suggests that a substantial fraction of diabetes inequity observed worldwide may partly reflect hidden biological bias embedded within one of medicine&#8217;s most widely used laboratory tests.</p><p>The encouraging aspect is that this inequity may be remediable.</p><p>Awareness can change treatment decisions.</p><p>Clinicians caring for patients from high-prevalence populations should recognize that HbA1c may substantially underestimate glycemic burden in G6PD-deficient individuals. Alternative approaches, including fasting glucose measurements, continuous glucose monitoring, fructosamine, glycated albumin, or modified interpretation of HbA1c values, may improve care in these populations.</p><p>Large-scale health data sometimes reveals hidden biological patterns that remain invisible at the level of individual patients.</p><p>This is one of them.</p><p>For millions of people worldwide, HbA1c may not tell the whole story.</p><p>Recognizing when it fails could lead to earlier diagnosis, better treatment, and fewer diabetes complications.<br><br>References:<br><strong>Type 2 Diabetes in Patients with G6PD Deficiency.</strong><br><em>The New England journal of medicine.</em> 2024 Aug 8; 391(6):568-569. <br>Israel A, Raz I, Vinker S, Magen E, Green I, Golan-Cohen A, Berkovitch M, Merzon E.<br><a href="https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMc2406156">doi: 10.1056/NEJMc2406156.</a></p><p><strong>More on Type 2 Diabetes in Patients with G6PD Deficiency. Reply.</strong><br><em>The New England journal of medicine.</em> 2024 Oct 31; 391(17):1664.<br>Israel A, Vinker S, Merzon E.<br><a href="https://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMc2411261">doi: 10.1056/NEJMc2411261#sa2.</a></p><p><strong>Health disparities in diabetes treatment: The challenge of G6PD deficiency.</strong><br><em>Diabetes research and clinical practice.</em> 2025 Jan; 219:111965.<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2024.111965"><br></a>Israel A, Raz I, Green I, Golan-Cohen A, Berkovitch M, Magen E, Vinker S, Merzon E.<br><a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2024.111965">doi: 10.1016/j.diabres.2024.111965.</a></p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.arielisrael.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Thanks for reading! 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